Online Links:
./dat/1990: WCF90.DOC Complete report in MS WORD format wc90doc.txt text version of the report without tables
wc90tb01.doc wc90tb01.txt TABLE 1. CORAL COVER IN SELECTED QUADRATS NEAR WAIANAE OCEAN OUTFALL, OCTOBER 1990
wc90tb02.doc wc90tb02.txt TABLE 2. FISH ABUNDANCE AT STATION WW TRANSECTS, NEAR WAIANAE OCEAN OUTFALL, OAHU, HAWAII, OCTOBER 1990
./dat/1991: WCF91.DOC Complete report in MS WORD format wc91doc.txt text version of the report without tables
wc90to91.doc wc90to91.txt TABLE 3. FISH ABUNDANCE AT STATION W2 TRANSECTS, WAIANAE OCEAN OUTFALL, OAHU, HAWAII, 1990 AND 1991
wc91tb01.doc wc91tb01.txt TABLE 1. CORAL COVER IN SELECTED QUADRATS, WAIANAE OCEAN OUTFALL, OAHU, HAWAII, OCTOBER 1991
wc91tb02.doc wc91tb02.txt TABLE 2. FISH ABUNDANCE AT STATION WW TRANSECTS, WAIANAE OCEAN OUTFALL, OAHU, HAWAII, 1990 AND 1991
wc91tb04.doc wc91tb04.txt TABLE 4. WATER-QUALITY PARAMETERS, WAIANAE OCEAN OUTFALL, OAHU, HAWAII, OCTOBER 1991
./dat/1992: WCF92.DOC Complete report in MS WORD format wx92doc.txt text version of the report without tables
wc92tb01.doc wc92tb01.txt TABLE 1. FISH ABUNDANCE (NOS./180 m2) AT STATION W2, WAIANAE OCEAN OUTFALL SURVEY, OAHU, HAWAI
wc92tb02.doc wc92tb02.txt TABLE 2. TOTAL CORAL COVER FOR SELECTED QUADRATS, STATION W2, 1991 AND 1992, WAIANAE OCEAN OUTFALL SURVEY
wc92tb03.doc wc92tb03.txt TABLE 3. FISH ABUNDANCE (NOS./180 m2) AT STATION W3, 1986 AND 1992, WAIANAE OCEAN OUTFALL SURVEY, OAHU, HAWAII
wc92tb04.doc wc92tb04.txt TABLE 4. FISH ABUNDANCE AT STATION W4, WAIANAE OCEAN OUTFALL SURVEY, OAHU, HAWAII, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1992
./dat/1993: WCF93.DOC Complete report in MS WORD format wc93doc.txt text version of the report without tables
wc93tb01.doc wc93tb01.txt TABLE 1. Fish Abundance (no./180 m2) at Station W-2, Waianae Ocean Outfall Survey, Oahu, Hawai1i, for 1988, 1991, 1992, and 1993
wc93tb02.doc wc93tb02.txt TABLE 2. Total Coral Cover for Selected Quadrats at Station W-2, Waianae Ocean Outfall Survey, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1991, 1992, and 1993
wc93tb03.doc wc93tb03.txt TABLE 3. Fish Abundance (no./transect) at Station W-3, Waianae Ocean Outfall Survey, Oahu, Hawaii for 1986, 1992, and 1993
./dat/1994: WCF94.DOC Complete report in MS WORD format wc94doc.txt text version of the report without tables
wc94tb01.doc wc94tb01.txt TABLE 1. Total Coral Cover (%) for Selected Quadrats at Station W-2, Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1991 Through 1994
wc94tb02.doc wc94tb02.txt TABLE 2. Fish Abundance (no./transect) at Station W-2, Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1991 Through 1994
wc94tb03.doc wc94tb03.txt TABLE 3. Fish Abundance (no./transect) at Station W-3, Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1992, 1993, and 1994
wc94tb04.doc wc94tb04.txt TABLE 4. Fish Abundance (no./transect) at Station WW, Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1990, 1991, and 1994
./dat/1995: WCF95.DOC Complete report in MS WORD format wc95doc.txt text version of the report without tables
wc95tb01.doc wc95tb01.txt TABLE 1. Total Coral Cover for Selected Quadrats at Station W-2, Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1991 Through 1995
wc95tb02.doc wc95tb02.txt TABLE 2. Fish Abundance (no./transect) at Station W-2, Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1991 Through 1995
wc95tb03.doc wc95tb03.txt TABLE 3. Fish Abundance (no./transect) at Station W-3, Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1992 Through 1995
wc95tb04.doc wc95tb04.txt TABLE 4. Fish Abundance (no./transect) at Station WW, Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1994 and 1995
./dat/1996: WCF96.DOC Complete report in MS WORD format wc96doc.txt text version of the report without tables
wc96tb01.doc wc96tb01.txt TABLE 1. Fish Abundance (no./transect) at Station W-2, Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1991 Through 1996
wc96tb02.doc wc96tb02.txt TABLE 2. Total Coral Cover for Selected Quadrats at Station W-2, Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawai for 1991 Through 1996
wc96tb03.doc wc96tb03.txt TABLE 3. Fish Abundance (no./transect) at Station W-3, Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1992 Through 1996
wc96tb04.doc wc96tb04.txt TABLE 4. Fish Abundance (no./transect) at Station WW, Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1994 and 1996
./dat/1997: WCF97.DOC Complete report in MS WORD format wc97doc.txt text version of the report without tables
wc97tb01.doc wc97tb01.txt TABLE 1. Fish Abundance (no./transect) at Station W-2, Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1991 Through 1997
wc97tb02.doc wc97tb02.txt TABLE 2. Total Coral Cover for Selected Quadrats at Station W-2, Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1991 Through 1997
wc97tb03.doc wc97tb03.txt TABLE 3. Fish Abundance (no./transect) at Station W-3, Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1992 Through 1997
wc97tb04.doc wc97tb04.txt TABLE 4. Fish Abundance (no./transect) at Station WW, Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1994 Through 1997
./dat/1998: WCF98.DOC Complete report in MS WORD format wc98doc.txt text version of the report without tables
wc98tb01.doc wc98tb01.txt TABLE 1. Fish Abundance (no./transect) at Station W-2, Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1991 Through 1998
wc98tb02.doc wc98tb02.txt TABLE 2. Total Coral Cover for Selected Quadrats at Station W-2, Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1991 Through 1998
wc98tb03.doc wc98tb03.txt TABLE 3. Fish Abundance (no./transect) at Station W-3, Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1992 Through 1998
wc98tb04.doc wc98tb04.txt TABLE 4. Fish Abundance (no./transect) at Station WW, Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1994 Through 1998
./dat/1999: WCF99.DOC Complete report in MS WORD format wc99doc.txt text version of the report without tables
wc99tb01.doc wc99tb01.txt TABLE 1. Fish Abundance (no./transect) at Station W-2, Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1991 Through 1999
wc99tb02.doc wc99tb02.txt TABLE 2. Total Coral Cover for Selected Quadrats at Station W-2, Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1991 Through 1999
wc99tb04.doc wc99tb04.txt TABLE 4. Fish Abundance (no./transect) at Station WW, Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1994 Through 1999
NOTE: the text version of the MS WORD tables is of the following form:
column header(s) row header(s) (row for each column header field) additional row header(s) (row for each column header field given above, if a value is not given, then the respective row is blank) additional row header(s) .... ....
For example, the text version of mo98tb6.doc starts out:
Transect Parameter
T-1 T-2 T-3 T-4 T-5
No. of Algal Species 2 0 2 2 2
this would appear in the mo98tb6.doc file as:
Transect Parameter T-1 T-2 T-3 T-4 T-5 No. of Algal Species 2 0 2 2 2
Water Resources Research Center University Of Hawaii at Manoa Leeward Community College Department of Environmental Services City and County of Honolulu
Determine the status of the marine resources in the vicinity of the discharge in an effort to quantitatively ascertain if any impacts are occurring to the coral reef biota.
METHODOLOGY background: ----------- The City and County of Honolulu's conservation district use permit for installation of a wastewater outfall pipe at Waianae, Oahu, Hawaii, was approved subject to several conditions (Board of Land and Natural Resources letter to the City, 11/15/83; ref. no. CPO-844, file no. OA-4/11/83-1541). Among the conditions was the requirement that, in the vicinity of the outfall diffuser, fishery stocks be censused annually after the first year of discharge and benthic organisms be monitored photographically annually. The Waianae Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) is a secondary treatment system which discharges an average of 3.2 million gallons per day (0.14 m3/s) of mainly domestic wastewater through an outfall 6,000 feet (1.8 km) offshore at a diffuser depth of approximately 110 feet (33 m). The diffuser is 531 feet (161.8 m) long and discharges at approximately 1.5 feet (0.5 m) above the seafloor through vertical risers. Researchers from the University of Hawaii and oceanographic personnel from the City and County of Honolulu Department of Wastewater Management collaborated in a scuba survey of the marine community near the Waianae Ocean Outfall.
strategy: ---------
materials and methods: ---------------------- Normally at the diffuser isobath (33 m) and near the hull of the sunken ship Mahi (depth of 33 m) off the Waianae coast, the bottom is mostly sand with some rubble. Usually no coral are present, and few fishes reside at this depth. However, artificial reefs in the area can attract fishes and provide substrata for coral growth. At Stations W-2 and W-3, artificial structures (a sunken ship and the outfall structure, respectively) provide habitats for fish as well as surfaces and relief for coral settlement, colonization, and growth. At Station WW (depth of 8 m) armor rock covering the pipeline provides relief in areas where normally flat limestone with 1% to 2% coral cover exists. At all stations fish counts were made along permanent transects by divers equipped with scuba (Brock 1982). Fishes were counted along the transect as the diver swam upline looking 3 m to the right and then downline looking 3 m to the right. At Station W- 2 divers counted fishes along a permanent transect, 30 m long x 6 m wide, down the centerline of the ship's deck. At Station W-3 fish counts were made along a transect located at the terminal 30 m of the diffuser. At Station WW fishes were counted along the two transects (20 m long x 9 m wide each). Fish species composition at all stations was compared with past surveys using Cochran's nonparametric Q-test for species presence or absence (Green 1979). The Q value is tested against the chi-square critical value for years minus one degree of freedom and p = 0.05. Green recommends this test because it precludes meeting the assumptions of homogeneous variances of abundances and normal distribution of the data. The test addresses the null hypothesis 'no differences in species composition among survey years'. Species composition is a better estimator of temporal stability in fish communities than relative abundance, since there may be large natural fluctuations in fish abundances from year to year and season to season. A Bray-Curtis index was also used to measure similarity of fish species composition. For Station W-2 the 1999 fish community composition, abundance, and number of species were compared with survey results from earlier years. For Station W-3 comparisons of fish presence or absence (Cochran's Q-test) and similarity were made for 1992 through 1999. In 1991 there was some fish activity at Station W-3, but no fish were seen swimming on the transect. For Station WW comparisons of fish species composition were made for 1990, 1991, and 1994 through 1999. Since errors can occur because of differences in technique and capability among observers, the same diver-observer (the author) performs the fish counts annually. Estimates of coral cover on selected permanent quadrats were made using bottom photography and the subsequent projection of photos on a grid. Coral cover was estimated by total grid cover relative to the total area of the quadrat. For all stations the presence of all macroinvertebrates seen was recorded. Coral cover between 1998 and 1999 and between 1991 and 1999 were compared (Station W-2) using a paired t-test to determine if significant differences in total coral cover exist (Sokal and Rohlf 1995). The use of inferential statistical analysis may not be valid when comparing data for the same location over time because the assumption of independent sampling may be violated. The abundance of an organism at time t1 may influence the abundance at time t2. This problem of independence is not a factor when using the paired t-test. This test is not sensitive to moderate deviations from normality, is not affected by assumptions of homogeneous variances because only one variable is involved, and eliminates a maximum number of sources of extraneous variation by making pairs similar with respect to as many variables as possible (Daniel 1987). If the data are seriously skewed from normality, a nonparametric paired sign test may be used instead.
INSTRUMENT TYPES: -SCUBA -Visual census -Photography -water quality instruments unconfirmed
REFERENCES:
Brock, R.E. 1982. A critique on the visual census method for assessing coral reef fish
populations. Bull. Mar. Sci. 32:269-276.
Daniel, W.W. 1987. Biostatistics: A foundation for analysis in the health sciences. New
York: Wiley and Sons.
Green, R.H. 1979. Sampling design and statistical methods for environmental biologists.
New York: Wiley-Interscience. 314 pp.
Grigg, R.W. 1994. Effects of sewage discharge, fishing pressure and habitat complexity
on coral reef ecosystems and reef fishes in Hawaii. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 103:25-
34.
Hobson, E.S. 1984. The structure of reef fish communities in the Hawaiian archipelago.
In Proc. N.W. Hawaiian Island Symp., MR-84-01, University of Hawaii Sea Grant
College Program, Honolulu, pp. 57-70.
Hoover, J.P. 1993. Hawaii's fishes: A guide for snorkelers, divers, and aquarists.
Honolulu: Mutual Publ. 178 pp.
Oda, D.K., and J.D. Parrish. 1981. Ecology of commercial snappers and groupers
introduced to Hawaiian waters. Proc. 4th Int. Coral Reef Symp., vol. I, Manila,
Philippines.
Pastorak, R.A. and G.R. Bilyard. 1985. Effects of sewage pollution on coral reef
communities. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 21:175-189.
Randall, J. 1987. Introductions of marine fishes to the Hawaiian islands. Bull. Mar. Sci.
4(2):490-502.
Reed, S.A., E.A. Kay, and A.R. Russo. 1977. Survey of benthic coral reef ecosystems,
fish populations, and micromollusks in the vicinity of the Waianae sewage ocean
outfall, Oahu, Hawaii Summer 1975. Tech. Rep. 104, Water Resources Research
Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu. 36 pp.
Russo, A.R. 1992. A survey of selected coral and fish assemblages near the Waianae
Ocean Outfall, 1992. Spec. Rep. 10.19:92, Water Resources Research Center,
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu. 8 pp.
Russo, A.R. 1993. A survey of selected coral and fish assemblages near the Waianae
Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, 1993. Proj. Rep. PR-94-10, Water Resources
Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu. 14 pp.
Russo, A.R. 1994. A survey of selected coral and fish assemblages near the Waianae
Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, 1994. Proj. Rep. PR-95-04, Water Resources
Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu. 23 pp.
Russo, A.R. 1995. A survey of selected coral and fish assemblages near the Waianae
Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawai\221i, 1995. Proj. Rep. PR-96-01, Water Resources
Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu. 25 pp.
Russo, A.R. 1996. A survey of selected coral and fish assemblages near the Waianae
Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawai\221i, 1996. Proj. Rep. PR-97-03, Water Resources
Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu. 26 pp.
Russo, A.R. 1997. A survey of selected coral and fish assemblages near the Waianae
Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, 1997. Proj. Rep. PR-98-03, Water Resources
Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu. 26 pp.
Russo, A.R. 1998. A survey of selected coral and fish assemblages near the Waianae
Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, 1998. Proj. Rep. PR-99-04, Water Resources
Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu. 26 pp.
Russo, A., and L.S. Lau. 1986. Benthic and fish survey in the vicinity of the Waianae
sewer outfall. Unpubl. rep. to City and County of Honolulu. Water Resources
Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu.
Sokal, R.R., and F.J. Rohlf. 1995. Biometry: The principles and practice of statistics in
biological research. 3d edition. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman & Co. 887 pp.
Tabata, R. 1981. Ta'ape: What needs to be done? Workshop Proc. Paper 46, University
of Hawaii Sea Grant College Program, Honolulu. 31 pp.
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