Assessment of Nonindigenous Species on Coral Reefs in the Hawaiian Islands, with Emphasis on Introduced Invertebrates (NODC Accession 0001419)

Frequently anticipated questions:

• What does this data set describe?
  1. How might this data set be cited?
  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
  3. What does it look like?
  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?
  5. What is the general form of this data set?
  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
• Who produced the data set?
  1. Who are the originators of the data set?
  2. Who also contributed to the data set?
  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
• Why was the data set created?
• How was the data set created?
  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?
  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?
• How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?
  1. How well have the observations been checked?
  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
  5. How consistent are the relationships among the data, including topology?
• How can someone get a copy of the data set?
  1. Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
  2. Who distributes the data?
  3. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set?
  4. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
  5. How can I download or order the data?
• Who wrote the metadata?

What does this data set describe?

1. How might this data set be cited?
   Coles, Steven L., Eldredge, L.G., Kandel, F., Survey, Hawaii Biological, Museum, Bishop, Reath, P.R., and Longenecker, K., Unpublished material, Assessment of Nonindigenous Species on Coral Reefs in the Hawaiian Islands, with Emphasis on Introduced Invertebrates (NODC Accession 0001419).

   Online Links:

   • https://accession.nodc.noaa.gov/1419

2. What geographic area does the data set cover?

   West_Bounding_Coordinate: -159.6532

   East_Bounding_Coordinate: -155.8359

   North_Bounding_Coordinate: 21.96008

   South_Bounding_Coordinate: 19.5080

3. What does it look like?
4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?

   Beginning_Date: 02-Nov-2002

   Ending_Date: 05-Nov-2003

   Currentness_Reference: ground condition

5. What is the general form of this data set?

   Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: database

6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
   1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?
      
   2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?
      
7. How does the data set describe geographic features?

   Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:

   Two original files provided:filename commentHCRI_Final_Report.pdf complete reportRelational_Database.mdb MS AccessThe tables in the relational database were extracted and saved as MS Excel (97-2000)and comma-separated version (CSV). Table names:OccurencesSpecies ListStation

   Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: none

Who produced the data set?

1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)
   • Steven L. Coles
   • L.G. Eldredge
   • F. Kandel
   • Hawaii Biological Survey
   • Bishop Museum
   • P.R. Reath
   • K. Longenecker
2. Who also contributed to the data set?

   Hawaii Biological SurveyBishop MuseumHawaii Coral Reef Initiative

3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
   Dr. Steve Coles, Ralph C. Felice, and Dr. Lu Eldredge

   Bernice P. Bishop Museum Department of Natural Sciences

   Scientist

   1525 Bernice Street

   Honolulu, HI
   

   U.S.A.

   808-847-3511 (voice)

   808-841-8968 (FAX)

   Hours_of_Service: Standard office hours (9-5PB local time)

   Contact_Instructions: Phone/mail to Bishop Museum

Why was the data set created?

The purpose of the present study was to determine the presence and impact of nonindigenous (introduced) marine species on Hawai'i's coral reefs.

How was the data set created?

1. From what previous works were the data drawn?

   Coles and others, 2004 (source 1 of 1)

   Coles, S. L., Eldredge, L. G., Kandel, F., Reath, P. R., and Longenecker, K., 2004, Assessment of Nonindigenous Species on Coral Reefs in the Hawaiian Islands, with Emphasis on Introduced Invertebrates: Bishop Museum, Hawai'i Biological Survey. Bishop Museum Technical Report No 27.

   Other_Citation_Details: Final report prepared for the Hawai'i Coral Reef Initiative

   Type_of_Source_Media: paper

   Source_Contribution: coral reef study

2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?

   Date: Unknown (process 1 of 1)

   The methods used in biological sampling programs vary with the research questions being asked and require decisions pertaining to levels of effort directed toward two primary objectives. The first is to determine as completely as possible the total community species composition occurringat the sampling site. The second is to quantify the abundance or relative abundance of the various community components in an attempt to determine the numeric distribution of numbers of individuals or areal coverage of the various component species. These two objectives are somewhat opposing, especially where time is limited when sampling underwater. Most studies on coral reefs have focused on algal, coral, or fish assemblages and have utilized some variation of linear or belt transects, or, in the case of coral and algae, measurements with quadrats, either sampled once or repeatedly on permanently marked sections of reef surface. The power and efficacy of sampling coral coverage in Hawai'i have been reviewed by Brown et al. (in press). These approaches provide various levels of quantification and resolution that may enable time series analysis, but the area sampled must necessarily be small, and such studies sometimes also include "swim-arounds" on larger reef areas to detect species that are not encountered on the fixed transects or quadrats. The purpose of the present study was to determine the presence and impact of nonindigenous (introduced) marine species on Hawai'i's coral reefs. Anticipating that these species were likely to be low in abundance, our approach was focused on examining large areas and on as many habitats as could be done within the time frame of scuba dives in water of intermediate depths of 10-20 m up to three times per day. In order to facilitate a comparable search effort among islands and sites within islands, we developed a standardized method that could be replicated on every survey. This approach utilized a variation on the belt transect and timed search methods that was modified to provide both a standardized search area, estimates of probability of encounter and a sufficiently large search area to assure that most species occurring at the site had been encountered and noted. Where feasible the locations of surveyed sites were at or near sites established by the Hawai'i Coral Reef Assessment and Monitoring Program (CRAMP) in order to provide further information on areas that will be periodically resurveyed for coral and fish abundance (Brown et al. in press). Field Techniques After recording the position by GPS of the reef to be surveyed, a 50-m transect line was used to delineate a triangular area within which observations were made during the first 30 minutes of the survey. The starting point for the transect line was established haphazardly and the line was laid along the reef parallel to the shore for 25 m, then turned at a right angle for the remaining 25 m,with the resulting triangular area established by the line thus approximating 312 m2. Two observers (SLC and FK) swam in tandem along the line, noting and recording the first occurrence of all invertebrates, fishes and identifiable macroalgae occurring along a swath up to 2 m on either side of the transect within time periods of 5, 10, and 15 minutes from the start time of the transect. The next 15 minutes were spent recording organisms that occurred in the 312 m2 triangular area delineated by the legs of the transect line. Finally, 15 minutes were spent makingobservations outside of the triangle and recording all taxa not previously observed. In addition to the observations made by these two observers, on Kaua'i, Moloka'i, Maui, and Hawai'i a third diver (PAR) searched crevices and microhabitats throughout the triangular area, identifying small and cryptic organisms not observed by the first two divers on their roving searches. All organisms identifiable in the field were recorded on underwater paper, and samples of organisms were retained for identification in the laboratory where necessary. Identified organisms were entered on spreadsheets coded 1 to 3 according to the 5 minute period in which they were first encountered in the first 15 minutes, or 4 if they were first encounteredlater inside or outside of the triangle. In the event that the organism was recorded at different times by the different observers, the first encounter was assigned priority. Status of the species as nonindigenous, cryptogenic or native was assigned according to their designation in Carlton and Eldredge (in prep.) and the Checklist of the Marine Invertebrates of the Hawaiian Islands (http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/HBS/invert/list_home.htm). (Species of uncertain identity but suspected to be introduced were collected and returned to the laboratory for identification and/or verification by taxonomic experts. Person who carried out this activity:
   

   Dr. Steve Coles, Ralph C. Felice, and Dr. Lu Eldredge

   Bernice P. Bishop Museum Department of Natural Sciences

   Scientist

   1525 Bernice Street

   Honolulu, HI
   

   U.S.A.

   808-847-3511 (voice)

   808-841-8968 (FAX)

   Hours_of_Service: Standard office hours (9-5PB local time)

   Contact_Instructions: Phone/mail to Bishop Museum

   Data sources used in this process:

   • Coles and others, 2004

3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

1. How well have the observations been checked?
   
2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
   
3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
   
4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
   none
5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?
   see Lineage - Process Step

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?

Access_Constraints: None

Use_Constraints:

NOAA and NODC would appreciate recognition as the resource from which these data were obtained in any publications and/or other representations of these data.

1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)
   
   NOAA/NESDIS/National Oceanographic Data Center

   Attn: Data Access Group, User Services Team

   SSMC-3 Fourth Floor

   Silver Spring, MD
   

   USA

   301-713-3277 (voice)

   301-713-3302 (FAX)

   services@nodc.noaa.gov

   Hours_of_Service: 8am-5pm, Monday through Friday

2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set? Downloadable Data
3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?

   NOAA makes no warranty regarding these data, expressed or implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NODC cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data, nor as a result of the failure of these data to function on a particular system.

4. How can I download or order the data?
   • Availability in digital form:

     Data format:	MS Access
     Network links:	https://accession.nodc.noaa.gov/1419

   • Cost to order the data:
     Prices vary depending on data set, output medium and ordering mechanism. A standard handling charge, with additional costs for special handling, may be added to the basic cost of the data.

   • Special instructions:

     Prepayment by check, money order or bank card is required. Orders may be placed via fax, email, regular mail, telephone or via the NNDC Online Store.

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:

Last modified: 29-Mar-2020
Last Reviewed: 18-Feb-2011
To be reviewed: 01-Aug-2006

Metadata author:

Mr. Patrick C. Caldwell

NOAA/NESDIS/NODC/NCDDC

Hawaii/US Pacific Liaison

1000 Pope Road, MSB 316

Honolulu, Hawaii

USA

(808)-956-4105 (voice)

(808) 956-2352 (FAX)

caldwell@hawaii.edu

Hours_of_Service: 8 AM to 5 PM weekdays

Contact_Instructions: check services@nodc.noaa.gov if not available

Metadata standard:

FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)