90% sand. Silt fractions were no more than 4% at any station. Oxidation-reduction-potential (ORP) and total-volatile-solids measurements of these sediments indicated a nonreducing benthic environment at all stations. This data set contains examination of the sediments for species, abundance, and richness of nonmollusks, crustacean, molluscan, nematode, oligochaete, and polychaete faunas. A PDF document provides annual summaries for 2001-2010 while data files hold similar data for 2006-2009.
Reference (non-ZID) Station W1 Located approximately 2.5 km southeast of the outfall diffuser.
Reference (non-ZID) Station W2 Located approximately 1.0 km southeast of the diffuser.
ZID Station ZE Located on the southeast boundary of the ZID,approximately 30 m from the diffuser. ZID Station Z Located in the ZID at the diffuser.
ZID Station ZW Located approximately 60 m southwest of the diffuser.
Reference (non-ZID) Station W9 Located approximately 2.5 km northwest of the diffuser.
Station Positioning Prior to sampling, the location of each station is determined using a Garmin differential global positioning system. After anchored floats are dropped the Oceanographic Team divers reconfirm the site locations.
METHODOLOGY Sampling Methods The sampling methodology used in this study (including handling, processing, and preservation of samples) generally follows the guidelines of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1987), hereafter referred to as EPA procedures. Some procedures differ from those recommended because of the particular nature of the Waianae substratum and sediments. A standard van Veen grab sampler was deemed inappropriate for use because the study area, which has a high percentage of hard limestone bottom with only a veneer of sediment, would likely damage the sampler if it were used.
Six replicate samples of approximately 227 cm3 each were collected at each station by Oceanographic Team divers using a corer 7.6 cm in diameter by 5 cm deep. A consistent swimming pattern was used for each sediment collection. For each location, five cores were used for benthic-fauna and oxidation-reduction-potential (ORP) analyses and one core was used for totalorganic-carbon (TOC), grain-size, and primary-pollutant analyses. Oxidation-reduction potentials were measured using an Orion ORPpH Meter Model 231 with a Redox Combination Electrode. Readings were taken on the research vessel before the cores were processed for delivery to the laboratory. Laboratory sediment analyses followed methods prescribed in Quality assurance and quality control for 301(h) monitoring programs: Guidance on field and laboratory methods (U.S. EPA 1987).
Samples of this relatively small volume are considered appropriate as, based on earlier studies around outfall diffusers in Hawaii, the benthic fauna in the nearshore region of Hawaii are known to be both very abundant and small in size (Nelson 1986, Russo et al. 1989). Replicated samples at each station, rather than replicated subsamples from one sample, were taken to provide information on intra-station variability.
Sample Processing For the arthropods, micromollusks, polychaetes, and miscellaneous other taxa a variety of keys and taxonomic references were used. These references include Barrett and Bailey-Brock (2005), Bailey-Brock et al. (2003), Bailey-Brock et al. (2002), Salazar-Vallejo et al.(2007), others listed in Appendix Table G in Nelson et al. (1987), and additional publications cited in this report.
Nonmollusks The nonmolluscan samples were preserved in individual containers in buffered 10% formalin for 48 h or more. In the laboratory each sample was washed with freshwater through a 0.5 mm mesh screen.
At some stations sediments contained large calcium carbonate fragments. To remove these fragments the sediment was placed in a large rectangular enamel pan. The large fragments were then removed by a technician and visually examined individually and hand-processed to ensure that any external clinging organisms were removed. The fragments were then placed in a nitric acid bath for 24 h or longer to dissolve the carbonate fraction so that organisms living in burrows could be recovered. The acid-dissolution techniques used are detailed in Brock and Brock (1977).
After the removal of large calcium carbonate fragments the remaining sediment was elutriated with freshwater following the procedures of Sanders et al. (1965). The elutriate was poured through the 0.5 mm screen and recovered organisms were transferred to individual containers of 70% ethanol stained with rose bengal for storage and later sorting.
Samples were examined under a dissecting microscope and all nonmolluscan organisms were removed with forceps and grouped by phylum in vials of 70% ethanol. Arthropods were given to the appropriate taxonomic experts on the study team. All organisms were counted and then identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible using compound and dissecting microscopes and taxonomic keys. The residue from the nitric acid bath was washed with freshwater through a 0.5 mm screen to remove the acid solution and placed in 70% ethanol stained with rose bengal. Theresidue was sorted under a dissecting microscope to remove all cryptofaunal organisms, previously embedded in the calcium carbonate, which had been retained on the screen. The organisms were processed as above and specimens were given to the appropriate specialists on the study team. Organisms were identified to the species level when possible. Individuals recovered from the two fractions of the sample were treated together in the analyses.
Mollusks The micromollusks were processed as has been described in Kay (1982). The separate micromollusk sediment samples collected by the CCH Oceanographic Team divers were placed in labeled jars in the field and the jars were then packed in ice and transported to the laboratory where they were refrigerated. Samples were fixed in 95% ethyl alcohol for 48 h (during which two changes of fresh alcohol were made) and then air dried. A 25 cm3 aliquot was removed from each sample and put through a sieve series (U.S.A. Standard Testing Sieve:#20, 40, and 50) to ease sorting.
Aliquots were sorted for micromollusks under a binocular dissecting microscope. Only fresh-looking shells (more than 60% intact with a shiny surface and good color) were selected. These were identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible using Beesley et al. (1998), Kay(1975, 1978, 1979, 1982), Kay and Kawamoto(1980, 1983), Nelson (1986), and Russo et al.(1989) and then counted. All micromollusk specimens will be archived and maintained for six years at the University of Hawaii.
#INSTRUMENT TYPES: -SCUBA -sediment samples via core sampler ( 7.6 cm in diameter by 5 cm deep) -Oxidation-reduction potentials were measured using an Orion ORPpH Meter Model 231 with a Redox Combination Electrode
#REFERENCES: Bailey-Brock, J.H., B. Paavo, B.M. Barrett, and J. Dreyer. 2002. Polychaetes associated with a tropical ocean outfall: Synthesis of a biomonitoring program off Oahu, Hawaii. Pac. Sci. 56:459-479.
Bailey-Brock, J.H., J. Dreyer, and R.E. Brock. 2003. Three new species of Saccocirrus (Polychaeta, Saccocirridae) from Hawaii. Pac. Sci. 57:463-478.
Barrett, B.M., and J. Bailey-Brock. 2005. Progoniada oahuensis, a new species from Oahu, Hawaii (Annelida: Polychaeta: Goniadidae). Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 118(2):251-258.
Beesley, P.L., G.J.B. Ross, and A. Wells (eds.). 1998. Mollusca: The southern synthesis. In Fauna of Australia, Vol. 5, Part A, xvi-563; Part B, viii-565. Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing.
Brock, R.E., and J.H. Brock. 1977. A method for quantitatively assessing the infaunal community incoral rock. Limnol. Oceanogr. 22:948-951.
Kay, E.A. 1975. Micromollusk assemblages from the Sand Island sewer outfall, Mamala Bay, Oahu: Interim Progress Report. Proj. F-322-74 for City and County of Honolulu. Honolulu: University of Hawaii at Manoa Water Resources Research Center.
Kay, E.A. 1978. Summary of micromolluscan data, biological monitoring at Sand Island outfall: Interim progress report. Honolulu: University of Hawaii at Manoa Water Resources Research Center.
Kay, E.A. 1979. Hawaiian marine shells: Reef and shore fauna of Hawaii, Sec. 4: Mollusca. Spec. Pub. 64 (4). Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press.
Kay, E.A., and R. Kawamoto. 1980. Micromolluscan assemblages in Mamala Bay, Oahu, 1979: Progress Report. Honolulu: University of Hawaii at Manoa Water Resources Research Center.
Kay, E.A. 1982. Micromollusk assemblages in Mamala Bay, Oahu: Preliminary summary of 1982 report. Special Report 6:22:82. Honolulu: University of Hawaii at Manoa Water Resources Research Center.
Nelson, W.G. 1986. Benthic infaunal sampling in the vicinity of Sand Island outfall, Oahu, Hawaii.Special Report 6:20:86. Honolulu: University of Hawaii at Manoa Water Resources Research Center.
Nelson, W.G., J.H. Bailey-Brock, E.A. Kay, D. Davis, M. Dutch, and R. Kawamoto. 1987. Benthic infaunal sampling in the vicinity of the Mokapu sewer outfall, Oahu, Hawaii. Special Report 2:12:87. Honolulu: University of Hawaii at Manoa Water Resources Research Center.
Russo, A., E.A. Kay, J.H. Bailey-Brock, and W.J. Cooke. 1989. Ecological observations of benthic fauna in the vicinity of the Waianae ocean outfall, Oahu, Hawaii. Special Report 06-09:89. Honolulu: University of Hawaii at Manoa Water Resources Research Center.
Russo, Anthony R., Julie H. Bailey-Brock, William J. Cooke, Regina K. Kawamoto, 2010. Benthic Faunal Sampling Adjacent to the Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawai'i, June 2010. Project Report PR-2011-06. Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI. p 206.
Salazar-Vallejo, S.I., J.H. Bailey-Brock, and J. Dreyer. 2007. Revision of Pseudexogone Augener, 1922 (Annelida, Polychaeta, Syllidae), and its transfer to Pilargidae. Zoosystema 29 (3):535-553.
Sanders, H., R. Hessler, and G. Hampson. 1965. An introduction to the study of deep-sea benthic faunal assemblages along the Gay Head-Bermuda transect. Deep Sea Res. 12:845-867.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1987. Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) for 301(h) monitoring programs: Guidance on field and laboratory methods. EPA 430/9-86-004. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Marine and Estuarine Protection.
File: 2011-06wb10.pdf Format: Adobe Acrobat Document (archive format) Content: Report for year ending 2010 Description Metadata describing the project, history, methods, and results. Tables and Appendices contain data as follows: Table 1. Mean nonmollusk abundance and taxa richness 2001-2010 Table 2. Total polychaete abundance and taxa richness 2001-2010 Table 3. Total crustacean abundance and taxa richness 2001-2010 Table 4. Mean mollusk abundance and taxa richness 2001-2010 Appendices: A.1 Sediment grain-size analysis, June 2010 A.2 Sediment fractions by weight 2001-2010 A.3 Total organic carbon and total volatile solids, June 2010 A.4 Oxidation-reduction potential, June 2010 A.5 Effluent flow rate and chemical parameters for 2001-2010 B.1 - C.4 Statistics of parameters D.1 Taxon abundance from six replicates for non-mollusk components (excluding crustaceans), Station W1, June 2010 D.2 Taxon abundance from six replicates for non-mollusk components (excluding crustaceans), Station W2, June 2010 D.3 Taxon abundance from six replicates for non-mollusk components (excluding crustaceans), Station ZE, June 2010 D.4 Taxon abundance from six replicates for non-mollusk components (excluding crustaceans), Station Z, June 2010 D.5 Taxon abundance from six replicates for non-mollusk components (excluding crustaceans), Station ZW, June 2010 D.6 Taxon abundance from six replicates for non-mollusk components (excluding crustaceans), Station W9, June 2010 D.7 Taxon abundance from six replicates for crustacean components (excluding crustaceans), Station W1, June 2010 D.8 Taxon abundance from six replicates for crustacean components (excluding crustaceans), Station W2, June 2010 D.9 Taxon abundance from six replicates for crustacean components (excluding crustaceans), Station ZE, June 2010 D.10 Taxon abundance from six replicates for crustacean components (excluding crustaceans), Station Z, June 2010 D.11 Taxon abundance from six replicates for crustacean components (excluding crustaceans), Station ZW, June 2010 D.12 Taxon abundance from six replicates for crustacean components (excluding crustaceans), Station W9, June 2010 E.1 Taxon abundance from six replicates for mollusk components, W1, June 2010 E.1 Taxon abundance from six replicates for mollusk components, W2, June 2010 E.1 Taxon abundance from six replicates for mollusk components, ZE, June 2010 E.1 Taxon abundance from six replicates for mollusk components, Z, June 2010 E.1 Taxon abundance from six replicates for mollusk components, ZW, June 2010 E.1 Taxon abundance from six replicates for mollusk components, W9, June 2010
File: crustdata07.xls Format: Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet Content: crustacea species list from 2007 survey Description count of species identified at each station
File: crust wai08.xls Format: Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet Content: crustacea species list from reconciled 2006 survey Description count of species identified at each station
File: mollusk data 2007.xls Format: Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet Content: Mollosk data from May 2007 Survey Description total taxon abundance for mollusk components of all stations
File: nonmoll data 07.xls Format: Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet Content: non Mollosk data from May 2007 Survey Description total taxon abundance for non mollusk components of all stations
File: summarycrustwaidata.jmp Format: JMP Data Table Content: crustacean species list from reconciled 2006 survey Description total taxon abundance for crustacean components of all stations
File: WA2008 NMDATA.xls Format: Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet Content: non Mollosk data from 2008 Survey Description total taxon abundance for non mollusk components of all stations
File: WA2009nmDATA.xls Format: Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet Content: polychaete data from 2008 and 2009 Surveys Description total taxon abundance for polychaete components of all stations; and acid fraction data
File: Waianae 2008 mlks.xls Format: Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet Content: mollosk data from June 2008 Surveys Description total taxon abundance for mollusk components of all stations
File: Waianaemlks 2009A.xls Format: Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet Content: mollosk data from May 2009 Surveys Description total taxon abundance for mollusk components of all stations
Directory data/1-data Contains the files/directories created by NODC
File: crustdata07.csv Format: Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet, comma-separated version text Content: crustacea species list from 2007 survey Description count of species identified at each station
File: crust wai08.csv Format: Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet, comma-separated version text Content: crustacea species list from reconciled 2006 survey Description count of species identified at each station
File: mollusk_data_2007_Totals_2006.csv Format: Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet, comma-separated version text Content: Mollosk data from May 2007 Survey Description total taxon abundance for mollusk components of all stations
File: mollusk_data_2007_[station]_2007.csv [station]=W1, W2, ZE, Z, ZW, W9 Format: Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet, comma-separated version text Content: Mollosk data from May 2007 Survey Description Taxon abundance from six replicates for mollusk components of given station
File: nonmoll_data_07_[station].csv [station]=W1, W2, ZE, Z, ZW, W9 Format: Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet, comma-separated version text Content: Non Mollosk data from May 2007 Survey Description total taxon abundance for non mollusk components of given station
File: nonmoll_data_07_NCNSNR.csv Format: Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet, comma-separated version text Content: Non Mollosk data from May 2007 Survey Description name changes, new species, and new records for 2007 surveys
File: summarycrustwaidata.txt Format: text export from JMP Data Table Content: crustacean species list from reconciled 2006 survey Description total taxon abundance for crustacean components of all stations
File: WA2008_NMDATA_Acid_Bath.csv Format: Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet, comma-separated version text Content: non Mollosk data from 2008 Survey Description Acid Fraction Data; Acid Bath Fraction Percent Abundance Polychaete Species
File: WA2008_NMDATA_Graphs.csv Format: Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet, comma-separated version text Content: non Mollosk data from 2008 Survey Description Summary worksheet with graphs for : 1. Percent abundance of polychaete species (trophic categories) 2. Percent abundance of polychaete species (motility categories) 3. Percent abundance of polychaete individuals (trophic categories) 4. Mean polychaete abundance 5. Percent abundance of polychaete individuals (motility categories) 6. Mean Taxon Richness
File: WA2008_NMDATA_NCNSNR.csv Format: Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet, comma-separated version text Content: non Mollosk data from 2008 Survey Description name changes, new species, and new records for 2008 surveys
File: WA2008_NMDATA_Sheet1.csv Format: Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet, comma-separated version text Content: non Mollosk data from 2008 Survey Description working sheet, please ignore for archive
File: WA2008_NMDATA_Summary.csv Format: Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet, comma-separated version text Content: non Mollosk data from 2008 Survey Description Summary sheet for number of individuals of taxon (family, trophic, motility) at each station and percent abundance of polychaete species
File: WA2008_NMDATA_Update.csv Format: Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet, comma-separated version text Content: non Mollosk data from 2008 Survey Description A. Dominant polychaete species at each station as function of trophic, motility, and % at each station. B. Abundances per replicate at each station C. Replicate events
File: WA2008_NMDATA_[station].csv [station]=W1, W2, ZE, Z, ZW, W9 Format: Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet, comma-separated version text Content: non Mollosk data from 2008 Survey Description taxon abundance for non mollusk components of given station given by taxon, family, trophic, motility, number of individual replicate and total
File: WA2009nmDATA_Acid_Bath.csv Format: Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet, comma-separated version text Content: non Mollosk data from 2009 Survey Description Acid Fraction Data; Acid Bath Fraction Percent Abundance Polychaete Species (note error in date in sheet, it is 2009)
File: WA2009nmDATA_Acid_reps.csv Format: Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet, comma-separated version text Content: non Mollosk data from 2009 Survey Description Acid Fraction Replicate Data note error in date in sheet, it is 2009
File: WA2009nmDATA_Graphs.csv Format: Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet, comma-separated version text Content: non Mollosk data from 2009 Survey Description Summary worksheet with graphs for : 1. Percent abundance of polychaete species (trophic categories) 2. Percent abundance of polychaete species (motility categories) 3. Percent abundance of polychaete individuals (trophic categories) 4. Mean polychaete abundance 5. Percent abundance of polychaete individuals (motility categories) 6. Mean Taxon Richness
File: WA2009nmDATA_Sheet[1-3].csv Format: Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet, comma-separated version text Content: non Mollosk data from 2009 Survey Description Working sheets, can be ignored for archive
File: WA2009nmDATA_Summary.csv Format: Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet, comma-separated version text Content: non Mollosk data from 2009 Survey Description Summary sheet for number of individuals of taxon (family, trophic, motility) at each station and percent abundance of polychaete species (date wrong, is 2009)
File: WA2009nmDATA_Update.csv Format: Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet, comma-separated version text Content: non Mollosk data from 2009 Survey Description A. Dominant polychaete species at each station as function of trophic, motility, and % at each station. B. Abundances per replicate at each station C. Replicate events
File: WA2009nmDATA_[station].csv [station]=W1, W2, ZE, Z, ZW, W9 Format: Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet, comma-separated version text Content: non Mollosk data from 2009 Survey Description taxon abundance for non mollusk components of given station given by taxon, family, trophic, motility, number of individual replicate and total
File: Waianae_2008_mlks_Totals_2008.csv Format: Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet, comma-separated version text Content: Mollosk data from 2008 Survey Description Total taxon abundance for mollusk components of all stations
File: Waianae_2008_mlks__[station]_2008.csv [station]=W1, W2, ZE, Z, ZW, W9 Format: Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet, comma-separated version text Content: Mollosk data from 2008 Survey Description Taxon abundance from 6 replicates for mollusk components for given station
File: Waianaemlks_2009A_mlks_Totals_2009.csv Format: Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet, comma-separated version text Content: Mollosk data from 2009 Survey Description Total taxon abundance for mollusk components of all stations
File: Waianaemlks_2009A_mlks__[station]_2009.csv [station]=W1, W2, ZE, Z, ZW, W9 Format: Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet, comma-separated version text Content: Mollosk data from 2009 Survey Description Taxon abundance from 6 replicates for mollusk components for given station