Station positioning was determined using the Motorola Mini-ranger navigation system.
January 1986 September 1987 August 1990 August 1991 August 1992 August 1993 August 1994 August 1994 Sept. 1995 August 1996 August 1997 August 1998 September-October 1999 August 2000 August 2002 October 2004 August 2005 August 2006 August 2007 September 2008 August 2009 August 2010
missing years 1988-1989, 2001, 2003
METHODOLOGY The sampling methodology used in this study generally followed the recommendations of Swartz (1978) and US EPA guidelines (EPA 1987a, 1987b), hereafter refered to as EPA procedures.
A modified 0.16-m2 van Veen grab sampler deployed from a stern-mounted A-frame on the research vessel Noi I Kai was used to obtain bottom samples at all seven stations. Penetration of the sampler was adequate for all replicates. The minimum penetration depth for all grabs was 6 cm and the maximum was 13 cm.
Six van Veen grabs were taken at each station. A subsample 7.6 cm in diameter by 5 cm deep was taken from each grab sample for infaunal analysis and a subsample 4.8 cm in diameter by 5 cm deep for mollusk analysis. Subsampling was necessary because the epifauna and infauna in the area are known to be both small and abundant and processing of the entire sample would be impractical. Replicated grab samples at each station, rather than replicated subsamples from one grab sample, were used to provide information on intrastation variability. All six nonmollusk subcores were processed on a 0.5-mm screen.
Samples for geochemical analyses (total organic carbon (TOC), oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), sediment oil and grease (O&G), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and grain size) were obtained from the grabs from which the biological subcores were taken. Each replicate van Veen grab contained more than enough sediment for both purposes (methods HI0020117). Three subsamples 7.6 cm in diameter by 5 cm deep (one from each of three differnt grab samples) were taken from all stations. The top 2 cm of sediment of each subsample were used for geochemical analysis. Samples for TOC and sediment O&G analysis were put in screw-cap jars, placed on ice, and taken to the laboratory for analysis. Sediment analyses of sediment grain size, ORP, TKN, and O&G followed EPA procedures. Analysis of TOC was carried out by Severn Trent Laboritories (Colchester, Vermont), using the modified Lloyd Khan method, which utiliezes an infrafred detector to measure carbon dioxide. Inorganic carbon was removed from the samples by treating them with a 1:1 solution of hydrochloric acid prior to TOC analysis.
Sample Processing:
Handling and processing of biological samples followed EPA procedures. Nonmollusk sampleswere fixed with buffered 10% formalin for a minimum of 24 hours. The fixed samples were elutriated using the technique of Saunders et al. (1965). This method successfully removes from the sediment all organisms that are not heavily calcified. Samples were washed six times, and the water from each was poured through 0.5 mm mesh sieves. Polychaetes and other invertebrates retained on the sieve were transferred to alcohol, stained with rose bengal solution, and stored in 70% ethanol. The mollusk samples were fixed in 75% alcohol for 24 hours, decanted, fixed again for another 24 hours, then air dried. Aliquot portions (15cm3) were then sorted following the methods of Kay (1980) and Kay and Kawamoto (1983).
When large carbonate rubble fragments were collected in the samples, the rubble fragments were carefully washed and visually examined to ensure that any organisms on the external surfaces were removed. The fragments were then placed in a nitric acid bath for 24 hours to dissolve the carbonate and to recover organisms living in burrows. The acid dissolution technique used was modified from the methods of Brock and Brock (1977), as described in Nelson (1986).
Because the biological subcores had to be processed using two different procedures, one for mollusks and the other for all other organisms, the components of the fauna were not directly comparable and thus were analyzed separately. Because the mollusks were not separated into living and dead shell fractions, they represent time-averaged samples.
All specimens were identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible. Voucher specimens were submitted to taxonomic specialists for verification when necessary.
INSTRUMENT TYPES: A van Veen grab sampler deployed from a stern-mounted A-frame on the research vessel Noi I Kai was used to obtain bottom samples at all seven stations.
REFERENCES: Brock, R.R., and J.H. Brock. 1977. A method for quantitatively assessing the infaunal community in coral rock. Limnol. Oceanogr. 7:108-118.
Nelson, W.G. 1986. Benthic infaunal sampling in vicinity of the Sand Island Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii. Spec. Rep 6:20:86, Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, 117 pp.
Kay,E.A. 1980. Micromollusks: Techniques and patterns in benthic marine communities In Environmental Survey Techniques for Coastal Water Converence Proceedings, Water Resources Research Center and Sea Grant, University of Hawaii at Manoa, and Hawaii Water Pollut. Control Assoc., January, Honolulu, pp. 93-112.
Kay,E.A., and R. Kawamoto. 1983. Micromolluscan assemblages in Mamala Bay, Oahu 1974-1982. Tech Rep. No. 158, Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, 73 pp.
Saunders, H., R. Hessler, and G. Hampson. 1965. An introduction to the study of deep-sea benthic faunal assemblages along the Gay Head- Bermuda transect. Deep Sea Res. 12:845-867.
Swartz,R.C. 1978. Techniques for sampling and analyzing the marine benthos. Doc. No. 600/3-789-030, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon.
Swartz,R.C. and J.H.Bailey-Brock, W.J. Cook, E.A.Kay. 1999. Benthic faunal sampling adjacent to Sand Island ocean outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, August 1998. Project Report PR-99-10. Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, 172 pp.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1987a. Quality assurance and quality control for 301(h) monitoring programs: Guidance on field and laboratory methods. EPA 430/9-86-004, Office of Marine and Estuarine Protection, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 267 pp.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1987b. Recommended biological indices for 301(h) monitoring programs. EPA 430/9-86-002, Office of Marine and Estuarine Protection, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 17 pp.
Technical Reports of WRRC:
Project Report PR-2009-08 Benthic Faunal Sampling Adjacent to the Sand Island Ocean Outfall, O'ahu, Hawai'i, September 2008, William G. Ambrose, Jr., Julie H. Bailey-Brock, William J. Cooke, Regina K. Kawamoto, March 2009, xiv + 255 pp
Project Report PR-2008-09 Benthic Faunal Sampling Adjacent to the Sand Island Ocean Outfall, O'ahu, Hawai'i, August 2007 William G. Ambrose, Jr. Julie H. Bailey-Brock William J. Cooke E. Alison Kay, February 2008, xii + 279 pp.
Project Report PR-2007-06 Benthic Faunal Sampling Adjacent to Sand Island Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, August 2006. Swartz, Richard C., Julie H. Bailey-Brock, E. Alison Kay, and Dean Pasko. February 2007. 267 pages.
Project Report PR-2006-05 Benthic Faunal Sampling Adjacent to Sand Island Ocean Outfall, O'ahu, Hawai'i, August 2005, Swartz, R.C., J.H. Bailey-Brock, W.J. Cooke, E.A. Kay, Mar 2006
Project Report PR-2005-07 Benthic Faunal Sampling Adjacent to Sand Island Ocean Outfall, O'ahu, Hawai'i, October 2004, Swartz, R.C., J.H. Bailey-Brock, W.J. Cooke, E.A. Kay, Mar 2003
Project Report PR-2003-04 Benthic Faunal Sampling Adjacent to Sand Island Ocean Outfall, O'ahu, Hawai'i, August 2002, Swartz, R.C., J.H. Bailey-Brock, W.J. Cooke, E.A. Kay, Mar 2003
Project Report PR-2001-08 Benthic faunal sampling adjacent to Sand Island Ocean Outfall, O'ahu, Hawai'i, August 2000, Swartz, Richard C., Julie H. Bailey - Brock, William J. Cooke, and E. Alison Kay, March 2001
Project Report PR-2000-06 Benthic faunal sampling adjacent to the Sand Island Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, September-October 1999, Swartz, Richard C., March 2000
Project Report PR-98-08 Benthic faunal sampling adjacent to Sand Island Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, August 1997, Swartz, Richard C., March 1998
Project Report PR-97-06 Benthic faunal sampling adjacent to Sand Island Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, September 1996, Nelson, Walter G., March 1997
Project Report PR-96-07 Benthic faunal sampling adjacent to Sand Island Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, August 1995, Nelson, Walter G., March 1996
Project Report PR-95-09 Benthic faunal sampling adjacent to Sand Island Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, August 1994, Nelson, Walter G., February 1995
Project Report PR-94-13 Benthic faunal sampling adjacent to Sand Island Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, August 1993, Nelson, Walter G., January 1994
File: SICHDABS87-2010.XLS Format: Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet Content: Sediment chemical data 1987-2010 Description Spreadsheet for each year and summary sheet for 1986-2010 Missing years: 1988-1989, 2001, 2003
File: SISEDBAS86-10.xls Format: Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet Content: Sediment grain size data 1986-2010 Description Spreadsheet for each year and summary sheet for 1986-2010 Missing years: 1988-1989, 2001, 2003
File: SIMODBAS86-98.xls Format: Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet Content: Mullosk species lists 1986-1998 Description Spreadsheet for each year; provides count of species per sample Also a summary sheet for 1986-1998. Missing years: 1988-1989
File: SIMODBAS99-2010.xls Format: Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet Content: Mullosk species lists 1999-2010 Description Spreadsheet for each year; provides count of species per sample Also a summary sheet for 1999-2006. Missing years: 2001,2003
File: SINMDBAS86-98.xls Format: Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet Content: Nonmullosk species lists 1986-1998 Description Spreadsheet for each year; provides count of species per sample. Missing years: 1988-1989
File: SINMDBAS99-10.xls Format: Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet Content: Nonmullosk species lists 1999-2010 Description Spreadsheet for each year; provides count of species per sample. Also a summary sheet for 1999-2005. Missing years: 2001,2003
Directory data/1-data Contains the files/directories created by NODC
Comma-separated version (CSV) text files were exported for each sheet within each Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet of ../0-data. The filename is the name of the Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet appended with an underscore, "_", and the name of the sheet, which is typically an indication of the year or "summary".