Anthropogenic and Natural Stresses on Coral Reefs in Hawaii: A Multi-Decade Synthesis of Impact and Recovery (NODC Accession 0001063)

Metadata:

• Identification_Information
• Data_Quality_Information
• Entity_and_Attribute_Information
• Distribution_Information
• Metadata_Reference_Information
• CoRIS

Identification_Information:

Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Steven J. Dollar

Originator: School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology

Originator: University of Hawaii at Manoa

Originator: Richard W. Grigg

Originator: School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology

Originator: University of Hawaii at Manoa

Publication_Date: Unpublished material

Title:

Anthropogenic and Natural Stresses on Coral Reefs in Hawaii: A Multi-Decade Synthesis of Impact and Recovery (NODC Accession 0001063)

Online_Linkage: https://accession.nodc.noaa.gov/1063

Description:

Abstract:

In 2002, quantitative photo-transect surveys documenting coral community structure off six coastal sites in Hawaii were repeated to complete long-term data sets of 12 to 30 years duration. Study sites included areas fronting resort development, active and inactive sewage outfalls, and an area where there is no anthropogenic activity, but has been subjected to a variety of storm events. At the only site within a semi-enclosed embayment, erosion from surrounding pineapple fields resulted in a decrease in living coral. Such periodic sedimentation in the Bay drives a cycle of damage and recovery that results in coral community structure different than other sheltered embayments in Hawaii. At the other five sites, located in open coastal waters, coral community structure was not adversely affected by shoreline development or discharge of treated sewage effluent. Long-term studies of pristine reefs under natural stress from episodic storms indicate that recovery along the successional continuum varies with time in the different reef zones. The results of these studies provide a framework for effective and efficient coral reef management in Hawaii. Understanding patterns of natural and man-induced stress and recovery can provide a good model for management strategies, as anthropogenic impacts are superimposed over natural stresses. Our results provide good evidence that management efforts should be concentrated in embayments and areas with restricted circulation. Because such areas comprise less than 10% of the coastal areas, it is concluded that the overall condition of coral reefs in Hawaii is good, and should remain so. While concerns of catastrophic loss from anthropogenic impact to coral reefs are valid in some areas of the world, they do not accurately depict the overall health of coral reefs in Hawaii.

Purpose: Support coral reef man

Supplemental_Information:

NOAA Supplemental: Entry_ID: Unknown Sensor_Name: SCUBA, camera, transect tape Project_Campaign: Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative Originating_Center: Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii at Manoa Storage_Medium: PDF, MS Excel and CSV ASCII Online_size: 4617 Kbytes

Resource Description: NODC Accession Number 0001063

Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Range_of_Dates/Times:

Beginning_Date: 19730101

Beginning_Time: 0800

Ending_Date: 20021231

Ending_Time: 1500

Currentness_Reference: ground conditions

Status:

Progress: Complete

Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: funding dependent

Spatial_Domain:

Bounding_Coordinates:

West_Bounding_Coordinate: -159.5000

East_Bounding_Coordinate: -155.9500

North_Bounding_Coordinate: 22.2283

South_Bounding_Coordinate: 19.4833

Keywords:

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: NCEI Geoportal Filter

Theme_Keyword: CoRIS_Metadata

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None

Theme_Keyword: coral ecosystem

Theme_Keyword: coastal data

Theme_Keyword: Percent coral cover of select corals

Theme_Keyword: Percent bottom cover of all species

Theme_Keyword: species number

Theme_Keyword: species cover diversity

Theme_Keyword: species abundance

Theme_Keyword: absolute and percent change in coral cover

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: CoRIS Discovery Thesaurus

Theme_Keyword: Numeric Data Sets > Habitats

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: CoRIS Theme Thesaurus

Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Aquatic Habitat > Benthic Habitat

Theme_Keyword:

EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Coastal Processes > Coral Reefs > Coral Reef Ecology > Coral Cover

Theme_Keyword:

EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Damage Assessment > Coral Recovery

Theme_Keyword:

EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Damage Assessment > Pollution

Theme_Keyword:

EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Damage Assessment > Natural

Theme_Keyword:

EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Damage Assessment > Coastal development

Theme_Keyword:

EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Damage Assessment > Photographic

Theme_Keyword:

EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Coastal Processes > Coral Reefs > Coral Reef Ecology > Benthic biology

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category

Theme_Keyword: biota

Theme_Keyword: 002

Theme_Keyword: oceans

Theme_Keyword: 014

Theme_Keyword: environment

Theme_Keyword: 007

Place:

Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: CoRIS Place Thesaurus

Place_Keyword:

OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Hawaiian Islands > Hawaii Island > Hawaii Island (19N155W0003)

Place_Keyword:

COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Hawaii > Hawaii Island (19N155W0003)

Place_Keyword:

OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Hawaiian Islands > Kauai Island > Kauai Island (22N159W0001)

Place_Keyword:

COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Hawaii > Kauai Island (22N159W0001)

Place_Keyword:

OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Hawaiian Islands > Oahu Island > Oahu (21N157W0003)

Place_Keyword:

COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Honolulu > Oahu (21N157W0003)

Place_Keyword:

OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Hawaiian Islands > Maui > Honolua Bay (20N156W0016)

Place_Keyword:

COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Maui > Honolua Bay (20N156W0016)

Place:

Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: CoRIS Region

Place_Keyword: MHI

Place:

Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None

Place_Keyword: North Pacific

Place_Keyword: Hawaii

Place_Keyword: Princeville, Kauai

Place_Keyword: Sand Island Outfall, Mamala Bay, Oahu

Place_Keyword: Sandy Beach, East Oahu Outfall

Place_Keyword: Honolua, Maui

Place_Keyword: Mauna Lani Resort, Hawaii

Place_Keyword: Keawekaheka, Hawaii

Stratum:

Stratum_Keyword_Thesaurus: None

Stratum_Keyword: benthic

Access_Constraints: None

Use_Constraints:

NOAA and NODC would appreciate recognition as the resource from which these data were obtained in any publications and/or other representations of these data.

Point_of_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person: Steven J. Dollar

Contact_Organization:

School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology
University of Hawaii at Manoa

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: physical and mailing

Address: 1000 Pope Rd., MSB 207

City: Honolulu

State_or_Province: Hawaii

Postal_Code: 96822

Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 808-956-7631

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sdollar@soest.hawaii.edu

Data_Set_Credit: Grant No.658414 Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative Research Program

Native_Data_Set_Environment: PDF and Excel

Data_Quality_Information:

Logical_Consistency_Report: see Lineage - Process Step

Completeness_Report: quality control completed

Lineage:

Source_Information:

Source_Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: E. Pielou

Publication_Date: 1966

Title:

The measurement of diversity in different types of biological collections

Series_Information:

Series_Name: J. Theor. Biol.

Issue_Identification: 13:131-144

Type_of_Source_Media: paper

Source_Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Single_Date/Time:

Calendar_Date: 1966

Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date

Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Pielou,1966

Source_Contribution: measure of biological diversity

Source_Information:

Source_Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: R. A. Kinzie,III

Originator: R.H. Snider.

Publication_Date: 1978

Title: A Simulation Study of Coral Reef Survey Methods

Larger_Work_Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: UNESCO

Originator: Dr. R. Stoddart, ed.

Originator: R.E. Johannes, ed.

Publication_Date: 1978

Title: Coral Reefs: Research Methods

Type_of_Source_Media: paper

Source_Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Single_Date/Time:

Calendar_Date: 1978

Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date

Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Kinzie and Snider, 1978

Source_Contribution: study of coral reef survey methods

Source_Information:

Source_Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: S. Siegel

Publication_Date: 1996

Title: Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: New York

Publisher: McGraw-Hill Book Company

Type_of_Source_Media: paper

Source_Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Single_Date/Time:

Calendar_Date: 1956

Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date

Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Siegel, 1956

Source_Contribution: statistics text

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

A photo-quadrat transecting method, modified after Kinzie and Snider (1978), was utilized to analyze benthic community structure at each study site. A 50-m long transect tape was first paid out along the bottom oriented perpendicular to the shoreline at a constant depth. Care was taken to place transects in "random" locations that were unbiased with regard to coral cover. A rectangular quadrat frame with dimensions of 1-m x 0.66-m was sequentially placed over ten random marks on the transect tape so that the tape bisects the long axis of the frame. The frame is fitted with four legs, which support a small platform on which a Nikonos camera with a super-wide angle lens (15 mm, 94\227 field of view) is mounted. At each mark, a color photograph was taken recording the segment of reef area enclosed by the quadrat frame. Mounting the camera on the frame ensures exact repeatability of quadrat area. This photographic methodology provides excellent resolution of the detail of the benthic community structure, to the degree that calices of individual corals are distinguishable. The photo-quadrat method also provides a permanent record in the form of photographs. In addition to the photo-quadrats, diver-investigators with knowledge of the taxonomy of resident species (S.Dollar, R. Grigg) visually estimate, and record on waterproof data sheets, the percent cover of corals, algae and barren substrata (i.e., sand, limestone, rubble) enclosed within the each quadrat frame. In the laboratory, area coverage of each component of bottom cover in the quadrat photographs is then determined using an overlay grid divided into 200 equally sized segments. The number of segments of each benthic species and substratum type within each grid is summed to calculate area coverage. Thus, for each transect, there is the equivalent of 2,000 data points that in sum contain data on 100% of the area of each quadrat. Species identification is verified using the "ground truth" information collected in the field. The field data identifications are particularly useful for small and rare organisms. Hence, the method gives accurate estimates of abundance of both common and rare (inconspicuous) organisms. Because virtually 100% of the coverage of each quadrat becomes part of the data record, no information is lost. Few other methods provide for such accurate characterization of benthic community structure. Video transects, for example, which use tabulations of random point intercepts to determine quantitative aspects of reef structure utilize a very small area, even when large areas of reef are surveyed. Hence, they do not give an equally accurate determination of large-scale coral cover or accurate representations of small and rare species. Results of the photo-quadrats and in-situ cover estimates were used to calculate indices of community structure, abundance and distribution (e.g., percent cover, number of species) and species cover diversity (H'c) (Pielou 1966). Because each quadrat is a replicate each transect contains 10 samples. The nonparametric Wilcox on matched-pairs signed-rank test was used to test for significance between transects in both space and time (Siegal 1956). All field work and data analysis was performed by S.J. Dollar and R.W. Grigg.

Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Kinzie,R.A. III and R.H.Snider. 1978. A simulation study of

Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: coral reef survey methods. In:Coral reefs: research methos.

Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: UNESCO, eds: Dr.R. Stoddart and R.E. Johannes.

Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Pielou,E., 1966. The measurement of diversity in different

Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: types of biological collections. J. Theor. Biol. 13:131-144.

Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Siegel,S. 1956. Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral

Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Sciences. McGraw-Hill Book Company. New York, 311 pp.

Process_Date: Unknown

Process_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person: Steven J. Dollar

Contact_Organization:

School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology
University of Hawaii at Manoa

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: physical and mailing

Address: 1000 Pope Rd., MSB 207

City: Honolulu

State_or_Province: Hawaii

Postal_Code: 96822

Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 808-956-7631

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sdollar@soest.hawaii.edu

Entity_and_Attribute_Information:

Overview_Description:

Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:

FILENAMEdollar_grigg.pdf, PDF documentCONTENT: Complete reportFILENAMETAB_01_CORTAB_hb.xls, MS Excel spreadsheetTAB_01_CORTAB_hb.csv, redundant ASCII copy in CSV formatCONTENT:Table 1. Percent cover, species number, and species coverdiversity (H'c) for phototransects conducted in 1990, 1992,1993, and 2002 in Honolua Bay, Maui, Hawaii. Transects: I-1,I-2, II-1, II-2, III-1, III-2, IV-1, IV-2FILENAMEtab_2_wilcox_n_table.xls, MS Excel spreadsheettab_2_wilcox_n_table.csv, redundant ASCII copy in CSV formatCONTENT:Table 2. Observed test criteria (T) for nonparametric Wilcoxonmatched-pairs Signed-ranks test for related samples comparingtotal coral cover on 10 quadrats comprising trasects at HonoluaBay, Mauna Lani, and Princeville between sampling dates. "*"indicates significant difference for two-tailed tests (P=0.02);"**" indicates significance for two-tailed test (P=0.01).Underlined T criterion indicates significant decrease incover; bold T criterion indicates significant increase in coralcover between surveys. "ND" indicates no data for Transect VIat Princeville in 1995. Individual quadrat data missing forMauna Lani in 1980.FILENAMEtab_3_total_cor_table.xls, MS Excel spreadsheettab_3_total_cor_table.csv, redundant ASCII copy in CSV formatCONTENT:Table 3. Pooled coral cover data for transects in Honolua Bay,Mauna Lani, and Princeville showing percentage of coral cover(%cc) and percentage of bottom cover (%bc) for three surveysconducted. Order of species in table is based on highestrank of abundance in earliest survey. Years of transects:Honolua Bay: 1990, 1992, 2002Mauna Lani: 1985, 1993, 2002Princeville: 1980, 1995, 2002FILENAMEtab_4_ml_cortab.xls, MS Excel spreadsheettab_4_ml_cortab.csv, redundant ASCII copy in CSV formatCONTENT:Table 4. Percent cover, number of species, and species coverdiversity (H'c) for photo-quadrat transects conducted in1983, 1993, and 2002 off the Mauna Lani Resort, South Kohala,Hawaii. Transects:I-1 (6 m) I-2 (10 m) I-3 (20 m)II-1 (6 m) II-2 (10 m) II-3 (20 m)III-1 (6 m) III-2 (10 m) III-3 (20 m)IV-1 (6 m) IV-2 (10 m) IV-3 (20 m)V-1 (6 m) V-2 (10 m) V-3 (20 m)VI-1 (6 m) VI-2 (10 m) VI-3 (20 m)FILENAMEtab_5_pv_cortab.xls, MS Excel spreadsheettab_5_pv_cortab.csv, redundant ASCII copy in CSV formatCONTENT:Table 5. Percent cover, number of species, and species coverdiversity (H'c) for phototransects conducted in 1980, 1995, and2002 off the Princeville Resort, Kauai, Hawaii. Transects:I - VI.FILENAMEtab_6_si_cortab.xls, MS Excel spreadsheettab_6_si_cortab.csv, redundant ASCII copy in CSV formatCONTENT:Table 6. Percent cover, number of species, and species coverdiversity (H'c) for photo-quadrat transects conducted in1975, 1979, and 2002 off the old Sand Island Sewage Outfall,Malama Bay, Oahu, Hawaii. Transects: SI-1 - SI-8.FILENAMEtab_7_hkso.xls, MS Excel spreadsheettab_7_hkso.csv, redundant ASCII copy in CSV formatCONTENT:Table 7. Linear regression statistics for coral cover on transectsin the vicinity of the East Honolulu Wastewater Treatment FacilityOcean Outfall. Top table includes all surveys from the monitoringprogram (June 1987 - November 2002). Other tables include periodsfrom 1987-1993, 1993-1998, 1998-2000, and 2000-2002. "INC" =significant increase in coral cover, "DEC" = significant decreasein coral cover, and "NC" = no significant change in coral cover(P<0.05).FILENAMEtab_8_kona_cover_table.xls, MS Excel spreadsheettab_8_kona_cover_table.csv, redundant ASCII copy in CSV formatCONTENT:Table 8. Mean Percentages of bottom cover and total cover of threedominant species, and percent bottom cover of all species fromsurveys off Keawekaheka Point, Hawaii. Survey years: 1973, 1974,1980, 1992, 1993, and 2002.FILENAMEtab_9_kona_wilcoxon_table.xls, MS Excel spreadsheettab_9_kona_wilcoxon_table.csv, redundant ASCII copy in CSV formatCONTENT:Table 9. Wilcoxon ranked sums (Ts) for mean percent total coralcover, mean percent cover of the three most abundant species,and species diversity on 15 transects paired in successive surveysoff of Keawekaheka Point, Hawaii. For n=15, the critical valueof Ts is 25 for alpha=0.05, and 15 for alpha=0.01 (two-tailed).Highlighted values indicate significance at P<0.05 level.Significant positive values indicate increases between successivesurveys; significant negative values indicate decreases betweensuccessive surveys. Survey years grouped: 1973-1974, 1974-1980,1980-1992,1992-1993, and 1993-2002.FILENAMEtab_10_kona_zone_table.xls, MS Excel spreadsheettab_10_kona_zone_table.csv, redundant ASCII copy in CSV formatCONTENT:Table 10. Absolute and percentage (%) change in coral cover in eachzone between each pair of successive surveys off of Keawakaheka Point,Hawaii. Negative changes indicate decrease in coral cover, positivechanges indicate increase in coral cover over the survey pairinterval. Also shown are results of students t-test performed onvalues of absolute change in coral cover expressed as proportions,then acrsin square root transformed. Highlighted values indicatesignificance at P>0.05; highlighted and underlined valuesindicate significance at P<0.01. n=number of transects per zone.

Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: None

Distribution_Information:

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Contact_Organization_Primary:

Contact_Organization: NOAA/NESDIS/National Oceanographic Data Center

Contact_Person: Data Access Group, User Services Team

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Address: SSMC-3 Fourth Floor

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Postal_Code: 20910-3282

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Metadata_Reference_Information:

Metadata_Date: 20200329

Metadata_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person: Mr. Patrick C. Caldwell

Contact_Organization: NOAA/NESDIS/NODC/NCDDC

Contact_Position: Hawaii/US Pacific Liaison

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing

Address: 1000 Pope Road, MSB 316

Address: Dept. of Oceanography

Address: University of Hawaii at Manoa

City: Honolulu

State_or_Province: Hawaii

Postal_Code: 96822

Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: (808)-956-4105

Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (808) 956-2352

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: caldwell@hawaii.edu

Hours_of_Service: 8 AM to 5 PM weekdays

Contact_Instructions: check services@nodc.noaa.gov if not available

Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC CSDGM

Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998

CoRIS:

CoRIS_ID: 20081028023806

CoRIS_Children: None

CoRIS_Beginning_Date: 19730101

CoRIS_Ending_Date: 20021231

CoRIS_Metadata_Link:

https://www.coris.noaa.gov/metadata/records/html/nodc_0001063.html

CoRIS_Tracking_ID: 804