Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Kenneth S. Casey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) Originator: Edward J. Kearns, Vicki Halliwell, and Robert Evans, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) Publication_Date: 20060920 Publication_Time: Unknown Title: 4 km NODC/RSMAS AVHRR Pathfinder v.5.0 Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Climatologies (1985-2001) Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: HDF-SDS version 4 Series_Information: Series_name: not applicable Issue_Identification: Pathfinder Version 5.0 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Silver Spring, Maryland Publisher: NOAA National Oceanographic Data Center Online_Linkage: http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/sog/ Description: Abstract: The 4 km Pathfinder effort at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) and the University of Miami's Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) is an extension of and improvement on the sea surface temperature (SST) fields from the NOAA/NASA AVHRR Oceans 9km Pathfinder dataset. In this 4 km Pathfinder project, some important shortcomings in the original 9 km data have been corrected, and the entire time series has been reprocessed at the 4 km Global Area Coverage (GAC) level, the highest resolution possible globally. Pathfinder AVHRR SST data for daily, 5-day, 7-day, 8-day, monthly, and yearly periods from 1981-2008 are archived at the National Oceanographic Data Center (http://www.nodc.noaa.gov) under separate accession numbers. The SST climatologies are available as Hierarchical Data Format (.HDF) data files for 1985-2001 and include daily, 5-day, 7-day, 8-day, monthly, yearly, and seasonal time periods which are filed as separate NODC accessions. Four corresponding graphics (climatologies) in GeoTIFF format are provided for the seasonal climatologies. Although the data are represented using 16-bit in the .HDF files, 8-bit GeoTIFF files were developed to facilitate access and use of these data by the widest variety of users. As a result, the GeoTIFF representations of the .HDF files are not a complete representation of the data in the .HDF files. Purpose: To provide high resolution climatologies of SST with high accuracy and spatial resolution for climate change and ecological studies. Supplemental_Information: The 4 km-resolution time series used to create these seasonal climatologies is computed from 1985-2001 using the Version 5.0 Pathfinder algorithm, an improved version of the previously most successful of the many methods used to derive SST from AVHRR observations (see Barton (1995) for a review of earlier techniques), the University of Miami Pathfinder version v4.2 SST algorithm (described fully in Kilpatrick et al., 2001). The v4.2 algorithm offered marked improvement over operational retrieval algorithms such as MCSST and was applied to AVHRR data to maximize accuracy and to minimize artificial fluctuations arising from the sequence of AVHRR instruments flown on NOAA's polar-orbiting satellites during the past 2 decades. The 9 km v4.2 Pathfinder SSTs have already been shown to be the highest quality product currently available for the construction of global climatologies (Casey and Cornillon, 1999) and longer-term SST trend determination (Casey and Cornillon, 2001), and have been demonstrated to be accurate within about 0.3 degrees C under optimal conditions (Kearns et al., 2000). Relative to the older 9 km v4.2 Pathfinder data, the new, ~ 4 km resolution Pathfinder Version 5.0 global SSTs increase detail by a factor of four simply by virtue of the increased resolution. The increase in detail over widely used but relatively coarse SST datasets such as Optimally Interpolated SST Version 2 (OISSTv2; Reynolds et al., 2002) and the Hadley Centre's Global Sea Ice and SST (HadISST1; Rayner et al., 2003) is far greater. In addition to the increased resolution, significant improvements have been made in the Version 5.0 which enhance the usefulness of the SST fields. Currently, these enhancements include the use of sea ice in the quality level determination scheme, inclusion of many inland water bodies, and the use of a greatly improved land mask. The greatest improvements are seen in coastal zones, marginal seas, and boundary current regions where SST gradients are often large and their impact on operational or research products is greatest. Separate SST products for daytime and nighttime AVHRR retrievals are made to better understand the differences in skin and bulk temperatures, since mean differences between AVHRR-measured skin temperatures and bulk temperatures of 0.1 to 0.2 degrees C (Schluessel et al., 1990) and locally varying differences of up to 1.8 degrees C (Minnett et al., 2000) have been observed. Geotiff_Information: Version: 1 Key_Revision: 1.0 Tagged_Information: ModelTiepointTag (2,3): 0 0 0 -180 90 0 ModelPixelScaleTag (1,3): 0.0439453 0.0439453 0 End_Of_Tags. Keyed_Information: GTModelTypeGeoKey (Short,1): ModelTypeGeographic GTRasterTypeGeoKey (Short,1): RasterPixelIsArea GTCitationGeoKey (Ascii,17): 'LONG/LAT E005' GeographicTypeGeoKey (Short,1): GCS_WGS_84 GeogAngularUnitsGeoKey (Short,1): Angular_Degree ProjLinearUnitsGeoKey (Short,1): Linear_Meter End_Of_Keys. End_Of_Geotiff. GCS: 4326/WGS 84 Datum: 6326/World Geodetic System 1984 Ellipsoid: 7030/WGS 84 (6378137.00,6356752.31) Prime Meridian: 8901/Greenwich (0.000000/ 0d 0' 0.00""E) Projection Linear Units: 9001/metre (1.000000m) Corner Coordinates: Upper Left (180d 0' 0.00"W, 90d 0' 0.00"N) Lower Left (180d 0' 0.00"W, 90d 0' 0.00"S) Upper Right (180d 0' 0.00"E, 90d 0' 0.00"N) Lower Right (180d 0' 0.00"E, 90d 0' 0.00"S) Center ( 0d 0' 0.00"E, 0d 0' 0.00"N) Resource Description: NODC accession numbers 0006682 (daily), 0009534 (5-day), 0009535 (7-day), 0009536 (8-day), 0009537 (annual), 0009538 (monthly), 0001658 (seasonal) Browse Graphic(s): Browse_Graphic_File_Name: http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0002/0001658/2.2/data/0-data/Combined/season1_combined.tif Browse_Graphic_File_Description: 1985-2001 averaged SST(January to March) Browse_Graphic_File_Name: http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0002/0001658/2.2/data/0-data/Combined/season2_combined.tif Browse_Graphic_File_Description: 1985-2001 averaged SST(April to June) Browse_Graphic_File_Name: http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0002/0001658/2.2/data/0-data/Combined/season3_combined.tif Browse_Graphic_File_Description: 1985-2001 averaged SST(July to September) Browse_Graphic_File_Name: http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0002/0001658/2.2/data/0-data/Combined/season4_combined.tif Browse_Graphic_File_Description: 1985-2001 averaged SST(October to December) Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 19850101 Beginning_Time: Unknown Ending_Date: 20011231 Ending_Time: Unknown Currentness_Reference: publication date Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: As needed Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -180 East_Bounding_Coordinate: 180 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 90 South_Bounding_Coordinate: -90 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: NCEI Geoportal Filter Theme_Keyword: CoRIS_Metadata Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Global Change Master Directory Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Aquatic Habitat > Coastal Habitat Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Aquatic Habitat > Reef Habitat Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Climate Indicators Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Hydrosphere > Water Quality > Water Temperature Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Coastal Processes > Coral Reefs Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Temperature > Sea Surface Temperature Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Temperature > Sea Surface Temperature > AVHRR Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Temperature > Sea Surface Temperature > AVHRR >4km Pathfinder Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Temperature > Sea Surface Temperature > AVHRR >9km Pathfinder Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Temperature > Sea Surface Temperature > AVHRR >MCSST Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Temperature > Sea Surface Temperature > AVHRR >NLSST Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere Theme_Keyword: 004 Theme_Keyword: oceans Theme_Keyword: 014 Theme_Keyword: environment Theme_Keyword: 007 Theme_Keyword: biota Theme_Keyword: 002 Theme_Keyword: economy Theme_Keyword: 005 Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: CoRIS Theme Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Temperature > Sea Surface Temperature > AVHRR Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Temperature > Water Temperature Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Remote Sensing > Satellite (digital scans) > AVHRR Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: CoRIS Discovery Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: Map Images > Sea Surface Temperature Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: CoRIS Region Place_Keyword: MHI Place_Keyword: NWHI Place_Keyword: Guam Place_Keyword: CNMI Place_Keyword: AmSam Place_Keyword: PRIA Place_Keyword: Florida Place_Keyword: FGB Place_Keyword: PR Place_Keyword: USVI Place_Keyword: Navassa Place_Keyword: Palau Place_Keyword: FSM Place_Keyword: RMI Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: CoRIS Place Thesaurus Place_Keyword: OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean Place_Keyword: OCEAN BASIN > Atlantic Ocean Place_Keyword: OCEAN BASIN > Indian Ocean Place_Keyword: COUNTRY/TERRITORY > Marshall Islands > Marshall Islands > Marshall Islands (09N168E0000) Place_Keyword: OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Marshall Islands > Marshall Islands (09N168E0000) Place_Keyword: COUNTRY/TERRITORY > Micronesia > Micronesia (07N150E0000) Place_Keyword: OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Western Pacific Ocean > Carolines > Micronesia (07N150E0000) Place_Keyword: COUNTRY/TERRITORY > Northern Mariana Islands > Northern Mariana Islands > Northern Mariana Islands ( CNMI ) (18N146E0000) Place_Keyword: OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Western Pacific Ocean > Mariana Archipelago > Northern Mariana Islands ( CNMI ) (18N146E0000) Place_Keyword: COUNTRY/TERRITORY > Palau > Palau > Palau ( Belau ) (07N134E0000) Place_Keyword: OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Western Pacific Ocean > Carolines > Palau ( Belau ) (07N134E0000) Place_Keyword: OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Hawaiian Islands > Hawaii > Hawaii (21N160W0000) Place_Keyword: COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Hawaii > Hawaii (21N160W0000) Place_Keyword: COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Guam > Guam (13N144E0000) Place_Keyword: OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Western Pacific Ocean > Guam > Guam (13N144E0000) Place_Keyword: COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > USA Minor Outlying Islands > Wake Atoll (19N167E0001) Place_Keyword: OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Wake Atoll > Wake Atoll (19N167E0001) Place_Keyword: COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > American Samoa > American Samoa (14S170W0000) Place_Keyword: OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > American Samoa > American Samoa (14S170W0000) Place_Keyword: OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (28N178W0000) Place_Keyword: COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Navassa Island > Navassa Island > Navassa Island (18N075W0001) Place_Keyword: OCEAN BASIN > Atlantic Ocean > Caribbean Sea > Navassa Island > Navassa Island > Navassa Island (18N075W0001) Place_Keyword: COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Puerto Rico > Puerto Rico (18N066W0000) Place_Keyword: OCEAN BASIN > Atlantic Ocean > Caribbean Sea /North Atlantic Ocean > Puerto Rico > Puerto Rico (18N066W0000) Place_Keyword: COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Texas > East Flower Garden Banks (27N093W0001) Place_Keyword: OCEAN BASIN > Atlantic Ocean > Gulf of Mexico > Flower Garden Banks > East Flower Garden Banks (27N093W0001) Place_Keyword: COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > U. S. Virgin Islands > U. S. Virgin Islands > U. S. Virgin Islands (17N064W0000) Place_Keyword: OCEAN BASIN > Atlantic Ocean > Caribbean Sea > Virgin Islands > Lesser Antilles > U. S. Virgin Islands (17N064W0000) Place_Keyword: COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > USA Minor Outlying Islands > Baker Island (00N176W0001) Place_Keyword: OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Baker Island > Baker Island (00N176W0001) Place_Keyword: COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > USA Minor Outlying Islands > Howland Island (00S176W0001) Place_Keyword: OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Howland Island > Howland Island (00S176W0001) Place_Keyword: COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > USA Minor Outlying Islands > Jarvis Island (00S160W0001) Place_Keyword: OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Line Islands > Jarvis Island (00S160W0001) Place_Keyword: COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > USA Minor Outlying Islands > Johnston Atoll (16N169W0001) Place_Keyword: OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Johnston Atoll > Johnston Atoll (16N169W0001) Place_Keyword: COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > USA Minor Outlying Islands > Kingman Reef (06N162W0001) Place_Keyword: OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Line Islands > Kingman Reef (06N162W0001) Place_Keyword: COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > USA Minor Outlying Islands > Palmyra Atoll (05N162W0001) Place_Keyword: OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Line Islands > Palmyra Atoll (05N162W0001) Place_Keyword: COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Texas > West Flower Garden Banks (27N093W0002) Place_Keyword: OCEAN BASIN > Atlantic Ocean > Gulf of Mexico > Flower Garden Banks > West Flower Garden Banks (27N093W0002) Place_Keyword: OCEAN BASIN > Atlantic Ocean > North Atlantic Ocean > Florida Place_Keyword: OCEAN BASIN > Atlantic Ocean > Gulf of Mexico > Florida Place_Keyword: COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Florida Place_Keyword: COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Honolulu > Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (28N178W0000) Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: CoRIS Region Place_Keyword: PR Access_Constraints: none Use_Constraints: Please acknowledge the use of these data with - The Pathfinder Version 5.0 SST Data were provided by the NOAA/National Oceanographic Data Center at URL: http://pathfinder.nodc.noaa.gov Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Dr. Kenneth S. Casey Contact_Organization: NOAA National Oceanographic Data Center Contact_Position: Physical scientist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: NOAA National Oceanographic Data Center, SSMC3, 4th Floor, Room 4853, E/OC1, 1315 East-West Highway City: Silver Spring State_or_Province: Maryland Postal_Code: 20910 Country: U.S.A. Contact_Voice_Telephone: (301) 713-3272 x133 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: FAX: (301) 713-3300 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: Kenneth.Casey@noaa.gov Hours_of_Service: 9:00 AM-4:00 PM, EST Contact_Instructions: Phone/FAX/E-mail/letter Data_Set_Credit: Kenneth S. Casey, National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC), and Edward J. Kearns, Vicki Halliwell, and Robert Evans, University of Miami, Rosential School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) Security_Information: Security_Classification_System: not applicable Security_Classification: Unclassified Security_Handling_Description: not applicable Native_Data_Set_Environment: NCSA Hierarchical Data Format (HDF 4), Scientific Data Set (HDF-SDS) Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science Publication_Date: 20010630 Publication_Time: 185600 Title: AVHRR Pathfinder Oceans Edition: none Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: website Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Miami, FL Publisher: Remote Sensing Group, RSMAS Online_Linkage: http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/groups/rrsl/pathfinder/ Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: NOAA National Environmental, Satellite, Data, and Information Services (NESDIS)/National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) Publication_Date: 19981130 Publication_Time: Unknown Title: NOAA Polar Orbiter Data User's Guide Edition: November 1998 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: website Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Asheville, North Carolina Publisher: NOAA National Climatic Data Center Online_Linkage: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/pod-guide/ncdc/docs/intro.htm Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory Physical Oceanography Publication_Date: 20031107 Publication_Time: 115600 Title: NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: website Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Pasadena, CA Publisher: NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory Online_Linkage: http://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/sst/ Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Casey, K.S., and P. Cornillon Publication_Date: 19990630 Publication_Time: Unknown Title: A comparison of satellite and in situ-based sea surface temperature climatologies Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article Series_Information: Series_name: none Issue_Identification: J. Climate, Volume 12, No. 6 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Boston, MA Publisher: American Meteorological Society Other_Citation_Details: in pp. 1848-1862 Online_Linkage: http://journals.ametsoc.org/ Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: American Meteorological Society Publication_Date: 19990630 Publication_Time: Unknown Title: Journal of Climate, Vol. 12 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal Series_Information: Series_name: None Issue_Identification: Vol. 12, No. 6 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Boston, MA Publisher: American Meteorological Society Online_Linkage: http://ams.allenpress.com/amsonline/?request=get-archive Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Casey, K.S., and P. Cornillon Publication_Date: 20010930 Publication_Time: Unknown Title: Global and regional sea surface temperature trends Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article Series_Information: Series_name: None Issue_Identification: J. Climate, Volume 14, No. 18 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Boston, MA Publisher: American Meteorological Society Other_Citation_Details: pp. 3801-3818 Online_Linkage: http://journals.ametsoc.org/ Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: American Meteorological Society Publication_Date: 20010930 Publication_Time: Unknown Title: Journal of Climate, Vol. 14 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal Series_Information: Series_name: None Issue_Identification: Volume 14, No. 18 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Boston, MA Publisher: American Meteorological Society Online_Linkage: http://ams.allenpress.com/amsonline/?request=get-archive Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Reynolds, R. W., N. A. Rayner, T. M. Smith, D. C. Stokes, and W. Wang Publication_Date: 20020730 Publication_Time: Unknown Title: An improved in-situ and satellite SST analysis for climate Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article Series_Information: Series_name: None Issue_Identification: J. Climate, Volume 15, No. 13 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Boston, MA Publisher: American Meteorological Society Other_Citation_Details: pp. 1609-1625 Online_Linkage: http://journals.ametsoc.org/ Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: American Meteorological Society Publication_Date: 20020730 Publication_Time: Unknown Title: Journal of Climate, Vol. 15 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal Series_Information: Series_name: None Issue_Identification: Volume 15, No.13 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Boston, MA Publisher: American Meteorological Society Online_Linkage: http://ams.allenpress.com/amsonline/?request=get-archive Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Kearns, E. J., Hanafin, J. A., Evans, R. H., Minnett, P. J., and Brown, O. B. Publication_Date: 20000730 Publication_Time: Unknown Title: An independent assessment of Pathfinder AVHRR sea surface temperature accuracy using the Marine-Atmosphere Emitted Radiance Interferometer Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article Series_Information: Series_name: None Issue_Identification: Bull. Amer. Met. Soc. 81, No. 7 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Boston, Ma Publisher: American Meteorological Society Other_Citation_Details: pp. 1525-1536 Online_Linkage: http://ams.allenpress.com/amsonline/?request=get-archive&issn=1520-0477 Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: American Meteorological Society Publication_Date: 20000730 Publication_Time: Unknown Title: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal Series_Information: Series_name: None Issue_Identification: Volume 81, No. 7 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Boston, MA Publisher: American Meteorological Society Online_Linkage: http://ams.allenpress.com/amsonline/?request=get-archive Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Barton, I. J. Publication_Date: 19950530 Publication_Time: Unknown Title: Satellite-derived sea surface temperatures: Current status Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article Series_Information: Series_name: None Issue_Identification: J. Geophys. Res., Volume 100, No. C5 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Washington, DC Publisher: American Geophysical Union Other_Citation_Details: pp. 8777-8790 Online_Linkage: http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1995/95JC00365.shtml Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: American Geophysical Union Publication_Date: 19950530 Publication_Time: Unknown Title: Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 100 Edition: Oceans Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal Series_Information: Series_name: None Issue_Identification: Volume 100, No. C5 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Washington, DC Publisher: American Geophysical Union Online_Linkage: http://www.agu.org/journals/jc/ Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Kilpatrick, K. A., Podesta, G. P., and Evans, R. Publication_Date: 20010515 Publication_Time: Unknown Title: Overview of the NOAA/NASA Pathfinder algorithm for sea surface temperature and associated matchup database Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article Series_Information: Series_name: None Issue_Identification: Jour. Geophys. Res., Volume 106, No. C5 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Washington, DC Publisher: American Geophysical Union Other_Citation_Details: pp. 9179-9197 Online_Linkage: http://www.agu.org/journals/jc/jc0105/1999JC000065/0.html Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: American Geophysical Union Publication_Date: 20010530 Publication_Time: Unknown Title: Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 106 Edition: Oceans Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal Series_Information: Series_name: None Issue_Identification: Volume 106, No. C5 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Washington, DC Publisher: American Geophysical Union Online_Linkage: http://www.agu.org/journals/jc/ Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Rayner, N. A., D. E. Parker, E. B. Horton, C. K. Folland, L. V. Alexander, D. P. Rowell, E. C. Kent and A. Kaplan Publication_Date: 20030730 Publication_Time: Unknown Title: Global Analyses of SST, Sea Ice and Night Marine Air Temperature Since the Late 19th Century Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article Series_Information: Series_name: None Issue_Identification: Jour. Geophys. Res., Vol. 108 (No. D14),4407,10.1029/2002JD002670 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Washington, DC Publisher: American Geophysical Union Online_Linkage: http://www.agu.org/journals/jd/jd0314/2002JD002670/index.html Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: American Geophysical Union Publication_Date: 20030730 Publication_Time: Unknown Title: Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 108 Edition: Oceans Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal Series_Information: Series_name: None Issue_Identification: Vol. 108 (No. D14),4407,10.1029/2002JD002670 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Washington, DC Publisher: American Geophysical Union Online_Linkage: http://www.agu.org/journals/jd/jd0314/2002JD002670/index.html Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Schluessel, P., W. J. Emery, H. Grassl, and T. Mammen Publication_Date: 19900815 Publication_Time: Unknown Title: On the skin-bulk temperature difference and its impact on satellite remote sensing of sea surface temperature Edition: Oceans Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article Series_Information: Series_name: None Issue_Identification: Jour. Geophys. Res., Vol. 95, No. C8 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Washington, DC Publisher: American Geophysical Union Other_Citation_Details: pp. 13,341-13,356. Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: American Geophysical Union Publication_Date: 19900815 Publication_Time: Unknown Title: Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 95 Edition: Oceans Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal Series_Information: Series_name: None Issue_Identification: Vol. 95, No. C8 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Washington, DC Publisher: American Geophysical Union Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Minnett, P.J. and B. Ward Publication_Date: 20001230 Publication_Time: Unknown Title: Measurements of near-surface ocean temperature variability - consequences on the validation of AATSR on Envisat Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: symposia proceedings Publication_Information: Publication_Place: The Netherlands Publisher: European Space Agency Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: European Space Agency Publication_Date: 20001230 Publication_Time: Unknown Title: Proceedings of the ERS-ENVISAT Symposium, 2000 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: book Publication_Information: Publication_Place: The Netherlands Publisher: European Space Agency Other_Citation_Details: For copies of proceedings, contact: ESA Publications Division ESTEC-Finance Division (ADM-FT) P.O. Box 299-2200 AG Noordwijk The Netherlands FAX +31 (0)71 565 5433 Online_Linkage: http://esapub.esrin.esa.it/bulletin/bullet105/publicat105.pdf Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: See qual, mask1, and mask2; stdv and num files (quality flag and statistical fields for 4 km AVHRR Pathfinder available data) available online from the NODC Satellite Oceanography Group at: http://pathfinder.nodc.noaa.gov/available.html. Logical_Consistency_Report: Files are run against the program (algorithm) MD5 to verify data integrity which generates a code, called an MD5 checksum. After files are transferred from one place to another, the program can be run on the file again and a new code generated. The old MD5 checksum code should be identical to the new MD5 checksum code. If not, the file was somehow corrupted during transfer (see original MD5 documentation at http://www.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1321.txt) Completeness_Report: - This SST climatology is very nearly complete, especially between 60 N and 60 S. Most gaps are in the extreme high latitudes and are due to the presence of persistent sea ice. - Although the data are represented using 16-bit in the .HDF files, 8-bit GeoTIFF files were developed for the seasonal climatologies to facilitate access and use of these data by the widest variety of users. As a result, the GeoTIFF representations of the .HDF files are not a complete representation of the data in the .HDF files. - The .HDF files are 16-bit files, and pixel values can range from 0 to 65535 (2 to the 16th power). However, realistic pixel values for SST will always be less than 600 or so. Land has a value of 1. SST in degC = 0.075 x pixel value - 3. Temperatures are represented in 0.075 degC increments - Differences in scale and offset between .HDF and .GeoTIFF files: Derived GeoTiffs (8-bit files): Pixel values can range from 0 to 255. Land has a value of 255. SST in degC = 0.15 x pixel value - 3. Temperatures are represented in 0.15 degC increments. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: The major sources of error in geo-locating AVHRR data are (a) drift in the spacecraft clock (which causes errors in the estimated along-track position), and (b) uncertainty errors in spacecraft and sensor attitude. (a) Clock Correction To minimize error in the along track position estimated by the orbital model, a satellite a clock correction factor is applied to the time code imbedded in each piece. The method used to determine these clock correction factors is presented below. The clock aboard a given satellite drifts continually at a relatively constant rate (e.g., for NOAA-14, ~9msday-1) compared to the reference clock on Earth. Because of this drift, the NOAA/NESDIS Satellite Operation Control Center periodically sends a command to the satellite to reset the on-board clock to a new baseline thereby eliminating the accumulation of a large time offset error between the Earth and satellite clocks. To correct for clock drift between these resets, correction factors were determined from a database of satellite clock time and Earth time offsets collected at the RSMAS High Resolution Picture Transmission (HRPT) receiving station. During HRPT transmission, both the satellite clock (used to create the embedded time code in each piece) and the Earth clock are simultaneously available. The clock correction bias was determined by (1) visual examination of the Earth/satellite clock differences collected in the database to locate the precise magnitude and timing of clock resets performed by the Satellite Operation Control Center and (2) recorded time differences between the identified reset periods were then filtered to remove spurious noise, and regressed against the corresponding satellite time to determine the clock drift correction. These drift corrections were then applied to all data time-stamped during a given reset period. Refer to Sea Surface Temperature Global Area Coverage (GAC) Processing Appendix A: Calibration and Navigation Correction Factors for a list of clock offsets for each NOAA spacecraft (http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/groups/rrsl/pathfinder/Processing/proc_app_a.html). (b) Attitude Corrections After clock correction, a nominal attitude correction is then applied to minimize the uncertainty in regard to the direction in which the spacecraft is pointing. The nominal attitude correction applied was determined by averaging the absolute attitude of the spacecraft over many geographic locations and times along the orbital track. The method used to determine the absolute attitude of the spacecraft involves matching a digital coastal outline to a given image and recording the amount of pitch, yaw, and roll required to make the outline and land coincide. This method has the advantage that it can be performed over small geographical distances and is similar to other techniques which rely on widely separated geographical control points to anchor the navigation. The resultant navigation information, output by the SECTOR procedure for each piece, provides the mapping parameters needed to convert between the satellite perspective of pixel and scan line, and Earth-based latitude and longitude coordinates. Refer to Sea Surface Temperature Global Area Coverage (GAC) Processing Appendix A: Calibration and Navigation Correction Factors for attitude correction factors for each NOAA spacecraft (http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/groups/rrsl/pathfinder/Processing/proc_app_a.html). Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Refer to the Horizontal Positional Accuracy Report for a discussion of sources of error in geo-locating AVHRR data. Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Kenneth S. Casey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC), and Edward J. Kearns, Vicki Halliwell, and Robert Evans, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) Publication_Date: 20060920 Publication_Time: Unknown Title: Pathfinder Version 5.0 Daily Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Climatologies (1985-2001) Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: HDF-SDS version 4 Series_Information: Series_name: not applicable Issue_Identification: Pathfinder Version 5.0 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Silver Spring, Maryland Publisher: NOAA National Oceanographic Data Center Online_Linkage: http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/sog/ Type_of_Source_Media: online Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 19850101 Beginning_Time: Unknown Ending_Date: 20011231 Ending_Time: Unknown Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: 0006682 Source_Contribution: 4 km NODC/RSMAS AVHRR Pathfinder v.5.0 Daily Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Climatologies (1985-2001) (NODC Accession Number 0006682) Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Kenneth S. Casey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC), and Edward J. Kearns, Vicki Halliwell, and Robert Evans, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) Publication_Date: 20060920 Publication_Time: Unknown Title: Pathfinder Version 5.0 5-day Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Climatologies (1985-2001) Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: HDF-SDS version 4 Series_Information: Series_name: not applicable Issue_Identification: Pathfinder Version 5.0 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Silver Spring, Maryland Publisher: NOAA National Oceanographic Data Center Online_Linkage: http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/sog/ Type_of_Source_Media: online Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 19850101 Beginning_Time: Unknown Ending_Date: 20011231 Ending_Time: Unknown Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: 0009534 Source_Contribution: 4 km NODC/RSMAS AVHRR Pathfinder v.5.0 5-day Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Climatologies (1985-2001) (NODC Accession 0009534) Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Kenneth S. Casey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC), and Edward J. Kearns, Vicki Halliwell, and Robert Evans, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) Publication_Date: 20060920 Publication_Time: Unknown Title: Pathfinder Version 5.0 7-day Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Climatologies (1985-2001) Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: HDF-SDS version 4 Series_Information: Series_name: not applicable Issue_Identification: Pathfinder Version 5.0 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Silver Spring, Maryland Publisher: NOAA National Oceanographic Data Center Online_Linkage: http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/sog/ Type_of_Source_Media: online Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 19850101 Beginning_Time: Unknown Ending_Date: 20011231 Ending_Time: Unknown Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: 0009535 Source_Contribution: 4 km NODC/RSMAS AVHRR Pathfinder v.5.0 7-day Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Climatologies (1985-2001) (NODC Accession 0009535) Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Kenneth S. Casey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC), and Edward J. Kearns, Vicki Halliwell, and Robert Evans, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) Publication_Date: 20060920 Publication_Time: Unknown Title: Pathfinder Version 5.0 8-day Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Climatologies (1985-2001) Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: HDF-SDS version 4 Series_Information: Series_name: not applicable Issue_Identification: Pathfinder Version 5.0 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Silver Spring, Maryland Publisher: NOAA National Oceanographic Data Center Online_Linkage: http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/sog/ Type_of_Source_Media: online Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 19850101 Beginning_Time: Unknown Ending_Date: 20011231 Ending_Time: Unknown Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: 0009536 Source_Contribution: 4 km NODC/RSMAS AVHRR Pathfinder v.5.0 8-day Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Climatologies (1985-2001) (NODC Accession 0009536) Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Kenneth S. Casey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC), and Edward J. Kearns, Vicki Halliwell, and Robert Evans, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) Publication_Date: 20060920 Publication_Time: Unknown Title: Pathfinder Version 5.0 Annual Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Climatologies (1985-2001) Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: HDF-SDS version 4 Series_Information: Series_name: not applicable Issue_Identification: Pathfinder Version 5.0 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Silver Spring, Maryland Publisher: NOAA National Oceanographic Data Center Online_Linkage: http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/sog/ Type_of_Source_Media: online Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 19850101 Beginning_Time: Unknown Ending_Date: 20011231 Ending_Time: Unknown Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: 0009537 Source_Contribution: 4 km NODC/RSMAS AVHRR Pathfinder v.5.0 Annual Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Climatologies (1985-2001) (NODC Accession 0009537) Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Kenneth S. Casey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC), and Edward J. Kearns, Vicki Halliwell, and Robert Evans, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) Publication_Date: 20060920 Publication_Time: Unknown Title: Pathfinder Version 5.0 Monthly Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Climatologies (1985-2001) Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: HDF-SDS version 4 Series_Information: Series_name: not applicable Issue_Identification: Pathfinder Version 5.0 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Silver Spring, Maryland Publisher: NOAA National Oceanographic Data Center Online_Linkage: http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/sog/ Type_of_Source_Media: online Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 19850101 Beginning_Time: Unknown Ending_Date: 20011231 Ending_Time: Unknown Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: 0009538 Source_Contribution: 4 km NODC/RSMAS AVHRR Pathfinder v.5.0 Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Monthly Climatologies (1985-2001) (NODC Accession 0009538) Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Kenneth S. Casey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC), and Edward J. Kearns, Vicki Halliwell, and Robert Evans, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) Publication_Date: 20060920 Publication_Time: Unknown Title: Pathfinder Version 5.0 Seasonal Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Climatologies (1985-2001) Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: HDF-SDS version 4 Series_Information: Series_name: not applicable Issue_Identification: Pathfinder Version 5.0 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Silver Spring, Maryland Publisher: NOAA National Oceanographic Data Center Online_Linkage: http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/sog/ Type_of_Source_Media: online Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 19850101 Beginning_Time: Unknown Ending_Date: 20011231 Ending_Time: Unknown Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: 0001658 Source_Contribution: 4 km NODC/RSMAS AVHRR Pathfinder v.5.0 Seasonal Climatologies 1985-2001 (NODC Accession 0001658) Process_Step: Process_Description: The Version 5.0 Pathfinder SSTs require several important pieces of information. This information is categorized below by the four overall steps in the Pathfinder processing system (steps A-D); in addition, several more steps are required to produce the climatologies (step E). AVHRR Pathfinder SST Processing Steps A. Ingestion, calibration, and navigation of Global Area Coverage (GAC) data a. Calibrate and convert AVHRR digital counts for channels 1 through 5 to radiances i. Obtain AVHRR channels 1 through 5 radiometer count data. ii. Channels 1 and 2 require pre-launch calibration coefficients for linear counts-to-radiance conversion, followed by a correction for temporal changes using sensor decay rate data and then a correction for inter-satellite differences using inter-satellite standardization data to the NOAA-9 reference, both of which use Libyan desert target area data. iii. Channels 3, 4, and 5 require both the above pre-launch calibration data and onboard blackbody (space view and sensor base plate) data for non-linear counts-to-radiance conversion. b. Navigation, Clock, and Attitude Corrections i. Satellite clock corrections need Earth time offset data based on RSMAS High-Resolution Picture Transmission data. ii. Attitude corrections are made using coastline comparison data. iii. At this point, navigated, calibrated albedos/brightness temperatures are available for all five channels. Note that channels 1-2 are not used in the Pathfinder SST algorithm, and channel 3 is used only in assignment of a quality indicator (see step B.d.i.). B. SST Calculation a. Channel 4 and 5 brightness temperatures are converted to SST in degrees C using the Pathfinder algorithm, which requires a set of monthly coefficients. b. These coefficients are derived using the Pathfinder Buoy Matchup Database. This is a set of in situ buoy SST observations and collocated AVHRR data. c. In addition, a first-guess SST field is needed by the algorithm. This first-guess field is the Reynolds Weekly Global Optimally Interpolated SST version 2 (OISSTv2) product. Note: the older 9km Pathfinder used OISST version 1. d. Quality Flag Assignment i. A Channel 3, 4, and 5 brightness temperature test is performed. These data are already available from step A.a.iii. ii. The viewing angle is evaluated using a satellite zenith angle check. iii. A reference field comparison check is made against the Reynolds OISST used in step B.c. iv. A stray sunlight test is performed which requires information on whether the data in question are to left or right of nadir. v. An edge test is performed which checks the location of the pixel within a scan line and the location of the scan line within the processing piece (a piece is a subset of an entire orbit file). vi. A glint test is performed which requires a glint index calculated according to the Cox and Munk (1954) formulation. vii. A sea ice mask is used to identify pixels falling on areas of sea ice. The ice mask is based on weekly SSM/I data and the ice information contained in the Reynolds OISSTv2. (Note: this step was not present in the 9 km Pathfinder reprocessing and is used only in the 4km Version 5.0 Pathfinder product.) viii. These steps are all combined into an overall quality flag assignment for each pixel. C. Spatial Binning a. An equal-area is grid is defined into which GAC pixels are binned. No external data are needed, only information on the equal-area binning strategy itself. b. A data-day is defined following a spatial data-day definition. See http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/sog/pathfinder4km/Data-day.pdf for a description of the spatial data-day definition, written by Guillermo Podesta, University of Miami RSMAS. c. A land mask is applied to the dataset, identifying pixels that fall on land. This land mask was based on an old CIA database in the 9 km Pathfinder (no citation or further information is known). In the 4 km Version 5.0 Pathfinder, a new and improved land mask based on a 1 km resolution MODIS dataset derived by the USGS Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center is used (see http://edcdaac.usgs.gov/modis/mod12q1.html for more info.) D. Temporal Binning a. The spatially binned pieces from step C are accumulated into a single ascending (daytime) or descending (nighttime) file for each day. In case of overlapping satellite passes, only the best pixels of equivalent quality are binned. No external information is needed, only information about the accumulation procedure itself. Note: the new 4 km Version 5.0 Pathfinder also generates temporal averages on 5-day, 7-day, 8-day, monthly, and yearly periods. b. A final comparison is made to an internal 3-week Pathfinder comparison field. No external data are required, only knowledge of the Pathfinder reference check. c. Fields are reformatted from equal-area to equal-angle for distribution in HDF format. Note: the old 9 km Pathfinder data were distributed in HDF4 Raster format, while the new 4 km Version 5.0 Pathfinder data are distributed in HDF4-SDS format, with tiling (internally compressed chunks) enabled. d. The result of all these steps is the high-level Pathfinder SST product. E. Additional processes required for SST climatologies: 1. The individual files generated by the Version 5.0 Pathfinder Project for 1985-2001 are averaged to create a set of initial climatologies. For example, January of 1986, January of 1987, ...., January of 2001 are averaged to create a climatological January. Only the highest quality data (overall quality flag=7) are used. 2. Then, following the steps described in Casey and Cornillon, 1999 (Journal of Climate, vol 12, pp 1848-1863): a. Apply a 7x7 median-filling which fills most of any remaining gaps in the initial monthly climatology. No already present data are modified. b. Linearly fill any remaining gaps using the previous and following monthly climatological values if they are available. No already present data are modified. c. Apply another 7x7 median-filling in case any gaps remain. No already present data are modified. d. The final step, described in Casey and Cornillon (1999), of applying a 7x7 median-filter to smooth the entire field, is not performed. Steps are modified to produce daily, -5, -7, -8, seasonal, and yearly climatologies as required. Process_Date: 20040701 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Dr. Kenneth S. Casey Contact_Organization: NOAA National Oceanographic Data Center Contact_Position: Physical scientist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: NOAA National Oceanographic Data Center, SSMC3, 4th Floor, Room 4853, E/OC1, 1315 East-West Highway City: Silver Spring State_or_Province: Maryland Postal_Code: 20910 Country: U.S.A. Contact_Voice_Telephone: (301) 713-3272 x133 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: FAX: (301) 713-3300 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: Kenneth.Casey@noaa.gov Hours_of_Service: 9:00 AM-4:00 PM, EST Contact_Instructions: Phone/FAX/E-mail/letter Cloud_Cover: Unknown Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster Raster_Object_Information: Raster_Object_Type: Grid Cell Row_Count: 4096 Column_Count: 8192 Vertical_Count: 1 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Geographic: Latitude_Resolution: 0.0439453125 Longitude_Resolution: 0.0439453125 Geographic_Coordinate_Units: Decimal Degrees Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: WGS84 Ellipsoid_Name: WGS84 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257223563 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: 1985-2001 SST Averages (Climatologies) Entity_Type_Definition: 1985-2001 averaged sea surface temperatures for daily, 5-day, 7-day, 8-day, monthly, yearly and seasonal (Jan-Mar, Apr-Jun, Jul-Sep, and Oct-Dec) periods. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: NOAA National Oceanographic Data Center/Satellite Oceanography Group Attribute: Attribute_Label: Latitude Attribute_Definition: The angular distance between an imaginary line around the earth parallel to its equator and the equator itself; North latitude values range from 0-90 degrees, South latitude values range from 0 to -(-)90 degrees Attribute_Definition_Source: http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -90 Range_Domain_Maximum: 90 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: decimal degrees Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.000000001 Beginning_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 19850101 Ending_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 20011231 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Longitude Attribute_Definition: Longitude is measured from the Prime Meridian (the longitude that runs through Greenwich, England), with positive values going east (0-180 degrees) and negative values going west (0-(-)180 degrees. Attribute_Definition_Source: http://jwocky.gsfc.nasa.gov/ Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -180 Range_Domain_Maximum: 180 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: decimal degrees Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.0000000001 Beginning_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 19850101 Ending_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 20011231 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Attribute_Definition: SST is a difficult parameter to define exactly because the upper ocean (~10 m) has a complex and variable vertical temperature structure that is related to ocean turbulence and the air-sea fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum. Definitions of SST provide a necessary theoretical framework that can be used to understand the information content and relationships between measurements of SST made by different instruments. The following explanatory statements attempt to provide this framework and encapsulate the effects of the dominant heat transport processes and time scale of variability associated with distinct vertical and volume regimes within a vertical element of the water column (horizontal and temporal variability is implicitly assumed): -The interface SST, SSTint, is the temperature of an infinitely thin layer at the exact air-sea interface. It represents the temperature at the top of the SSTskin temperature gradient (layer) and cannot be measured using current technology. It is important to note that it is the SSTint that interacts with the atmosphere. -The skin SST, SSTskin, is a temperature measured within a thin water layer (<500 micrometer) adjacent to the air-sea interface. It is where conductive, diffusive and molecular heat transfer processes dominate. A strong vertical temperature gradient is characteristically maintained in this thin layer sustained by the magnitude and direction of the ocean-atmosphere heat flux. Thus, SSTskin varies according to the actual measurement depth within the layer. This layer provides the connectivity between a turbulent ocean and a turbulent atmosphere. -The sub-skin SST, SSTsub-skin, is representative of the SST at the bottom of the surface layer where the dominance of molecular and conductive processes gives way to turbulent heat transfer. It varies on a time scale of minutes and is influenced by solar warming in a manner strongly dependent on the turbulent energy density in the layer below. -The near surface oce Attribute_Definition_Source: Modified from http://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/ghrsst/SST-definitions.html Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: sea surface temperature Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The .HDF files are 16-bit files, and pixel values can range from 0 to 65535 (2 to the 16th power). However, realistic pixel values for SST will always be less than 600 or so. SST in degrees C = (0.075 * pixel value) - 3.0, so a pixel value of 600 equals 42 degrees C, a temperature which exceeds normal SST limits. Temperatures are represented in 0.075 degree C increments Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Dr. Kenneth Casey, NOAA/NODC Technical Director Beginning_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 19850101 Ending_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 20011231 Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: Climatologies are created from a 4 km-resolution time series of sea surface temperatures computed from 1985-2001. The time series used to generate the climatologies include (a) SST values, (b) SST values for each pixel location (all-pixel SST files), (c) first-guess SST, (d) number of observations falling in each 4 km bin, (e) standard deviation of the observations in each 4 km bin, (f) overall SST quality flag (from the lowest quality of 0 to the highest quality of 7), and (g, h) tests that were passed and failed to determine the overall quality flag (masks 1 and 2). The resulting climatologies include only SST values. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: 4 km Pathfinder Version 5.0 User Guide (http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/sog/pathfinder4km/userguide.html) Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: NOAA National Oceanographic Data Center Contact_Person: Tess Brandon or Andy Allegra Contact_Position: oceanographer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: SSMC3, 4th Floor, E/OC1 1315 East-West Highway City: Silver Spring State_or_Province: MD Postal_Code: 20910 Country: U.S.A Contact_Voice_Telephone: 301-713-3277 or 301-713-3280 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 301-713-3301 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: nodc.services@noaa.gov Hours_of_Service: 8:00 - 6:00 PM, EST Contact_Instructions: Phone/FAX/E-mail/letter during business hours Resource_Description: Downloadable Data Distribution_Liability: NOAA makes no warranty regarding these data, expressed or implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NODC cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data, nor as a result of the failure of these data to function on a particular system. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: .HDF Format_Version_Number: Hierarchical Data Format Version 4 Format_Specification: NCSA Hierarchical Data Format (HDF 4), Scientific Data Set (HDF-SDS) Format_Information_Content: HDF files comprising climatologies 1985-2001 (seasons as defined by periods Jan-Mar, Apr-Jun, Jul-Sept, Oct-Dec). Although the data are represented using 16-bit in the .HDF files, 8-bit GeoTIFF files were developed for the seasonal climatologies to facilitate access and use of these data by the widest variety of users; as such the GeoTIFF representations of the .HDF files are not a complete representation of the data in the .HDF files. Four corresponding GeoTiff files are provided with the seasonal climatologies only. File_Decompression_Technique: HDF-SDS files employ internal "deflate" compression which is identical to "gzip" compression. Transfer_Size: 51291 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/search/prod/ Access_Instructions: Data may be directly downloaded through the NODC website at: http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/search/prod/. NODC can be contacted directly for custom orders. (When requesting data from the NODC, the desired data set may be referred to by the 7-digit number given in the RESOURCE DESCRIPTION field of this metadata record). Online_Computer_and_Operating_System: PC, MAC, or other server such as Linux, Unix; FTP capability Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://data.nodc.noaa.gov/opendap/pathfinder/Version5.0_Climatologies/contents.html Access_Instructions: These data may be downloaded from the NODC Satellite Oceanography pages at https://data.nodc.noaa.gov/opendap/pathfinder/Version5.0_Climatologies/contents.html Online_Computer_and_Operating_System: PC, MAC, or other server such as Linux, Unix; FTP capability Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: ftp://ftp.nodc.noaa.gov/pub/data.nodc/pathfinder/Version5.0_Climatologies/ Access_Instructions: Navigate to ftp://data.nodc.noaa.gov/pub/data.nodc/pathfinder/Version5.0_Climatologies/ Online_Computer_and_Operating_System: Any FTP client Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://data.nodc.noaa.gov/opendap/pathfinder/Version5.0_Climatologies/contents.html Access_Instructions: These data are also served using an OPeNDAP (formerly DODS) server. The base URL is: https://data.nodc.noaa.gov/opendap/pathfinder/Version5.0_Climatologies/contents.html In addition, links are provided in the table at URL: http://pathfinder.nodc.noaa.gov/available.html (4km Pathfinder Data Availability Table) to access the OPeNDAP directory listings. For a listing of OPeNDAP clients which may be used to access the 4 km Pathfinder data (as well as any other OPeNDAP-enabled data sets), please see the OPeNDAP web site at URL: http://opendap.org/ and follow the link called 'Download'. Examine the list of 'Clients' for various mechanisms to access and display the data directly using OPeNDAP. For example, the OPeNDAP Data Connector is an excellent stand-alone client which will allow you to quickly search, access, browse, and even generate images of the Pathfinder SST data. Online_Computer_and_Operating_System: Standard Internet browser; OPeNDAP software as needed/desired Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: TIFF Format_Version_Number: 1 Format_Specification: GeoTIFF Format_Information_Content: Four 8-bit GeoTIFF representations (browse imagery) of four .HDF files comprising seasonal climatologies 1985-2001 (seasons as defined by periods Jan-Mar, Apr-Jun, Jul-Sept, Oct-Dec). Although the data are represented using 16-bit in the .HDF files, 8-bit GeoTIFF files were developed to facilitate access and use of these data. File_Decompression_Technique: GeoTIFF files employ internal 'packbits' compression. Transfer_Size: 36 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/search/prod/ Access_Instructions: Data may be directly downloaded through the NODC website at: http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/search/prod/. NODC can be contacted directly for custom orders. (When requesting data from the NODC, the desired data set may be referred to by the 7-digit number given in the RESOURCE DESCRIPTION field of this metadata record). Online_Computer_and_Operating_System: PC, Mac, Linux, Unix, or other server Fees: None Ordering_Instructions: Data may be directly downloaded through the NODC website at: http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/search/prod/. NODC can be contacted directly for custom orders. (When requesting data from the NODC, the desired data set may be referred to by the 7-digit number given in the RESOURCE DESCRIPTION field of this metadata record). Turnaround: Within 24 hours if downloaded via the Internet Custom_Order_Process: Contact the NODC User Services Group via phone/FAX/E-mail: nodc.services@noaa.gov Technical_Prerequisites: PC. Mac or other server (Unix, Linux), standard Internet browser. FTP capability Available_Time_Period: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20040810 Beginning_Time: Unknown Ending_Date: Present Ending_Time: Unknown Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20200329 Metadata_Review_Date: 20091001 Metadata_Future_Review_Date: 20100615 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Sheri Phillips Contact_Organization: NOAA/NODC Contact_Position: Oceanographer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 1315 East-West Highway, E/OC1, SSMC3, 4th Floor City: Silver Spring State_or_Province: MD Postal_Code: 20910 Country: U.S.A. Contact_Voice_Telephone: 301-713-3280 x127 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 301-713-3302 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sheri.phillips@noaa.gov Hours_of_Service: 9:30 AM - 6 PM Monday-Thursday Contact_Instructions: E-mail, phone, FAX, mail Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Time_Convention: Local Time Metadata_Access_Constraints: none Metadata_Use_Constraints: none Metadata_Security_Information: Metadata_Security_Classification_System: none Metadata_Security_Classification: Unclassified Metadata_Security_Handling_Description: none CoRIS: CoRIS_ID: 20091001075149 CoRIS_Children: None CoRIS_Beginning_Date: 19850101 CoRIS_Ending_Date: 20011231 CoRIS_Metadata_Link: https://www.coris.noaa.gov/metadata/records/html/pathfinder_collection_climatology_finalv5.html CoRIS_Tracking_ID: 4119