Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Department of Commerce (DOC), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Ocean Service (NOS), National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS), Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment (CCMA). Publication_Date: 20110615 Title: National Status and Trends: Bioeffects Program - St. Thomas East End Reserves (STEER) Database Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Silver Spring, MD Publisher: NOAA's Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS) Other_Citation_Details: Pait, A.S., S.I. Hartwell, A.L., Mason, R.A. Warner, C.F.G. Jeffrey, A.M. Hoffman, D.A. Apeti, F.R. Galdo Jr., and S.J. Pittman. 2013. An assessment of chemical contaminants, toxicity and benthic infauna in sediments from the St. Thomas East End Reserves (STEER). NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 156. Silver Spring, MD. Pait, A.S., S.I. Hartwell, A.L., Mason, R.A. Warner, C.F.G. Jeffrey, A.M. Hoffman, D.A. Apeti, F.R. Galdo Jr., and S.J. Pittman. 2013. An Assessment of chemical contaminants detected in passive water samplers deployed in the St. Thomas East End Reserves (STEER). NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 157. Silver Spring, MD. 22pp. Apeti,D.A., A.L Mason, A.S.Pait, , S.I. Hartwell, A.M. Hoffman, F.R. Galdo Jr., and S.J. Pittman. 2014. An assessment of contaminant body burden in queen conch (Strombus gigas) and coral (Porites astreoides) from the St. Thomas East End Reserves (STEER). NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS. Silver Spring, MD. Online_Linkage: https://products.coastalscience.noaa.gov/collections/ltmonitoring/nsandt/ Description: Abstract: The purpose of this effort was to characterize the extent and magnitude of chemical contamination in the St. Thomas East End Reserves or STEER, as part of a larger project to develop an integrated ecosystem assessment for the STEER. The STEER is a collection of marine reserves and wildlife sanctuaries on the southeastern end of the island of St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands. Within the STEER, however, are a variety of land use and maritime activities that are thought to impact the Reserves. As part of a project requested by STEER managers and funded by CRCP, NCCOS/CCMA scientists conducted a field mission in June 2011 to the STEER, and collected sediments that were characterized for chemical contaminants. A broad suite of chemical contaminants were analyzed in sediment, coral (Porites asteroides) and conch (Strombus gigas)samples including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), chlorinated pesticides including DDT and its metabolites, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), major and trace elements, and butyltins. This project provides valuable baseline data on sediment chemical contamination that is georeferenced and posted on the internet through the NOAA's National Status and Trends data portal. Purpose: Specific objectives of the study were to: 1) Characterize organic chemical contamination in sediments and biota; 2) Characterize inorganic chemical contamination in sediments and biota; Partners in the project: "Characterization of Land-Based Sources of Pollution and Effects in the St. Thomas East End Reserves (STEER)" included the Coastal Oceanographic Assessment, Status and Trends (COAST) Branch, and the Biogeography Branch of NOAA's National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment (CCMA) in Silver Spring, MD, the USVI Department of Planning and Natural Resources, the University of the Virgin Islands, and The Nature Conservancy. NOAA/CCMA was responsible for reviewing all data generated from this project. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2012 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None Planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -64.882150 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -64.822678 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 18.320947 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 18.297247 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: NCEI Geoportal Filter Theme_Keyword: CoRIS_Metadata Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: CRCP Project Theme_Keyword: Characterization of Land-Based Sources of Pollution and Effects in the St. Thomas East End Reserve (STEER): Year 2 Theme_Keyword: 534 Theme_Keyword: USVI 252 Characterization of Land-Based Sources of Pollution and Effects in the St. Thomas East End Reserve (STEER) Theme_Keyword: 20414 Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: environment Theme_Keyword: 007 Theme_Keyword: oceans Theme_Keyword: 014 Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: NOS Data Explorer Topic Category Theme_Keyword: Environmental Monitoring Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: CoRIS Discovery Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: Numeric Data Sets > Chemical Contaminants Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: CoRIS Theme Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Human Dimensions > Environmental Impacts > Contaminants Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: trace element Theme_Keyword: estuary Theme_Keyword: coastal ecosystem Theme_Keyword: chemical Theme_Keyword: contaminants Theme_Keyword: inorganic Theme_Keyword: organic Theme_Keyword: analytes Theme_Keyword: polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons Theme_Keyword: PAH Theme_Keyword: total butyltins Theme_Keyword: TBT Theme_Keyword: polychlorinated biphenyls Theme_Keyword: PCB Theme_Keyword: organochlorines Theme_Keyword: DDT Theme_Keyword: pesticides Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Place_Keyword: Caribbean Place_Keyword: Saint Thomas Island Place_Keyword: US Virgin Island Place_Keyword: ST. Thomas East End Reserves Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: CoRIS Place Thesaurus Place_Keyword: OCEAN BASIN > Atlantic Ocean > Caribbean Sea > Virgin Islands > Leeward Islands > St. Thomas (18N064W0033) Place_Keyword: COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > U. S. Virgin Islands > St. Thomas > St. Thomas (18N064W0033) Place_Keyword: OCEAN BASIN > Atlantic Ocean > Caribbean Sea > Virgin Islands > Lesser Antilles > U. S. Virgin Islands (17N064W0000) Place_Keyword: COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > U. S. Virgin Islands > U. S. Virgin Islands > U. S. Virgin Islands (17N064W0000) Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: NOAA requests that all individuals who download NOAA data acknowledge the source of these data in any reports, papers, or presentations. If you publish these data, please include a statement similar to: "Some or all of the data described in this article were produced by the "NOAA's Ocean Service through its National Status and Trends Program (NSandT)" Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Ocean Service (NOS), National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS), Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment (CCMA) Contact_Person: Tony Pait Contact_Position: National Status and Trends Program Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 1305 East West Highway Address: NCCOS/CCMA Address: SSMC-4, N/SCI-1 Address: Suite 9204 City: Silver Spring State_or_Province: MD Postal_Code: 20910 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 301-713-3028 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 301-713-4388 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: Tony.Pait@noaa.gov Data_Set_Credit: The partners in the STEER project include: Coastal and Oceanographic Assessment, Status and Trends (COAST) Branch Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment (CCMA) at NOAA/NOS/National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science; The University of the Virgin Islands St. Thomas, USVI; The US Virgin Islands Department of Planning and Natural Resources (DPNR); PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: Tony Pait, NOAA, National Status and Tends Program (NSandT), 1305 East West Highway, SSMC4, Silver Spring, MD 20910-3281, 301-713-3028 x158, 301-713-4384 (FAX), Tony.Pait@noaa.gov; Ian Hartwell, NSandT, 1305 East West Highway, SSMC4, Silver Spring, MD 20910-3281, 301-713-3028 x137, 301-713-4384 (FAX), Ian.Hartwell@noaa.gov; Andrew Mason, NSandT, 1305 East West Highway, SSMC4, Silver Spring, MD 20910-3281 301-713-3020 x172, 301-713-4353 (FAX), Andrew.Mason@noaa.gov; Dennis Apeti, NSandT, 1305 East West Highway, SSMC4, Silver Spring, MD 20910-3281, 301-713-3020 x132, 301-713-4353 (FAX), Dennis.Apeti@noaa.gov; Laurie Bauer, NOAA, CCMA Biogeography Branch.1305 East West Highway, SSMC4, Silver Spring, MD 20910-3281, 301-713-3028 x236, 301-713-4384 (FAX), Laurie.Bauer@noaa.gov; Rob Warner, NOAA, NSandT, 1305 East West Highway, SSMC4, Silver Spring, MD 20910-3281, 301-713-3020 x169, 301-713-4353 (FAX), Robert.Warner@noaa.gov Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: MEASUREMENT QUALITY OBJECTIVES: Sample collection followed established protocols for the National Status and Trends Lauenstein and Cantillo, 1998; Apeti et al., 2012). Sediment and Tissue Sample Analysis: PAHs were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in the selected ion monitoring mode. PCBs were analyzed using gas chromatography/electron capture detection. Organochlorine pesticides were also analyzed using gas chromatography/electron capture detection. Butyltins were quantified using gas chromatography/flame photometry. Silver, cadmium, copper, lead, antimony, and tin were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry. Aluminum, arsenic, chromium, iron, manganese, nickel, silicon and zinc were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectrometry. Mercury was analyzed using cold vapor - atomic absorption spectrometry. Selenium was analyzed using atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Total metal was analyzed. Additional information on the protocols used for the analysis of the organic and inorganic contaminants can be found in Kimbrough et al. (2006), and Kimbrough and Lauenstein (2006), respectively. The measurement quality objectives of the National Status and Trends specify accuracy and precision requirements of 30% for organic analytes and 15% for inorganic analytes in tissue samples. QA procedures include running blanks, spiked samples, and standard reference materials with each batch of samples. Any batch failing to meet the specifications is reanalyzed or rejected. The QA Criteria may be found in NOAAs Tech Memo NOS NCCOS 30 and 29. The standard NSandT analytical protocols are described in Kimbrough et al. (2006a and 2006b). Logical_Consistency_Report: Sample collection followed established protocols for the National Status and Trends. The analytical instruments were calibrated by standard laboratory procedures. In total, approximately 5% of all analyses were QC analyses. Processing quality was considered acceptable if the following criteria were met: blanks were less than three times the minimum detection limit; accuracy, as determined by analysis of reference materials, was within 30% for organic analytes and within 20% for inorganic analytes; and precision, as determined by replicate analyses, was within 30% for organic analytes and within 20% for inorganic analytes. Contact the project manager for additional information on the Quality Assurance Project Plan Completeness_Report: Data are believed to be complete Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: NOS ORCA, Silver Spring, MD Publication_Date: 1998 Title: Sampling and Analytical Methods of the National Status and Trends Program Mussel Watch Project: 1993-1996 Update Other_Citation_Details: Lauenstein, G.G., and Cantillo, A.Y. 1998. U.S. DOC, NOAA Technical Memorandum 130 Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 1993 Ending_Date: 1996 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Apeti et al., 2012 Source_Contribution: Reference for standard operation procedure for sample collection Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: NOS NCCOS, Silver Spring, MD Publication_Date: 2007 Title: Organic Contaminant Analytical Methods of the National Status and Trends Program: 2000-2006 Other_Citation_Details: Kimbrough K.L. and Lauenstein, G.G. 2007. U.S. DOC, NOAA Technical Memorandum 30 Type_of_Source_Media: online Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 2000 Ending_Date: 2006 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Kimbrough and Lauenstein 2006 Source_Contribution: Reference for standard operation procedure for inorganic contaminants (heavy metals) analysis Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: NOS NCCOS, Silver Spring, MD Publication_Date: 2006 Title: Trace Metal Analytical Methods of the National Status and Trends Program: 2000-2006 Other_Citation_Details: Kimbrough, K.L., and Lauenstein, G.G. 2006. U.S. DOC, NOAA Technical Memorandum 29 Type_of_Source_Media: online Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 2000 Ending_Date: 2006 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Kimbrough et al., 2006 Source_Contribution: Reference for standard operation procedure for organic contaminant analysis Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: NOS ORCA, Silver Spring, MD Publication_Date: 1998 Title: Sampling and Analytical Methods of the National Status and Trends Program Mussel Watch Project: 1993-1996 Update Other_Citation_Details: Lauenstein, G.G., and Cantillo, A.Y. 1998. U.S. DOC, NOAA Technical Memorandum 130 Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 1993 Ending_Date: 1996 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Lauenstein and Cantillo 1998 Source_Contribution: Reference for sampling standard operation procedure Process_Step: Process_Description: Data Acquisition: The sediments and tissue samples for chemical contaminant analysis were collected using standard NOAA National Status and Trends (NSandT) Program protocols (Lauenstein and Cantillo, 1998; Apeti et al., 2012 Update). The NSandT Program is housed within NCCOS' Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment (CCMA). The NSandT Program monitors the Nation's estuarine and coastal waters for contaminants in bivalve mollusk tissues and sediments, and toxicity or bioeffects of sediments. A PONAR grab was deployed to collect the sediment samples using a pulley and davit, and retrieved by hand. Rocks and bits of seagrass were removed. If a particular grab did not result in 200-300 g of sediment, a second grab was made and composited with material from the first. If enough sediment had not been collected after three deployments of the grab, the site was abandoned and the boat moved on to an alternate site. Using this strategy, a total of 24 sediment samples were collected. A series of protocols were used to avoid contamination of the sediment samples by equipment and cross contamination between samples and sites. All equipment was rinsed with acetone and then distilled water just prior to use at a site. Personnel handling the samples also wore disposable nitrile gloves. The top 3 cm of sediment were collected from the grab using a stainless steel sediment scoop. This top layer of sediment is referred to as surficial sediment, and is typically indicative of recent deposition. Sediments were placed into two certified clean (I-Chem) 250 ml labeled jars, one for organic chemical analysis, the other for metal analysis, capped and then placed on ice in a cooler. Sediments for grain size analysis were placed in a WhirlPack bag, sealed and placed on ice in a cooler. At the end of each day, sediment samples for contaminant analysis were placed in a freezer; the WhirlPack bags for the grain size analysis were placed in a refrigerator rather than frozen, to avoid altering the grain size structure of the sediment. Sample Collection Investigators: Tony Pait, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science; Ian Hartwell, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science; Andrew Mason National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science; Rob Warner, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science; Laurie Bauer, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Biogeography Program Coral and conch tissue samples were collected based on the standard operation procedure described in Apeti et al, 2012. For conch sampling, two methods of collection were used. 1) Boat based onboard a Nature Conservancy vessel sampling via SCUBA or snorkeling, and 2) Kayak based sampling via snorkeling only. A total of 10 conch specimens were collected from 5 separate locations, one within each strata. At each location two organism were collected by hand and placed in labeled 2 gallon Ziplock bags. The bags containing the specimens were placed in a cooler of ice. At the end of the field mission, conch specimens were partially thawed and their soft tissues were removed from their shells, weighed, and then placed into labeled 1 liter Teflon jars and refrozen. Once completely frozen, the samples were shipped with dry-ice to the analytical laboratory. At the lab. the two soft tissues were composited into a single tissue sample for each location before contaminant analysis. The coral that was collected for this study was Porites astreoides (Lamarck 1816) common name mustard hill coral. This species was chosen because it is abundant and not endangered. The coral samples were collected by SCUBA diving using hammer and titanium or stainless steel coring punch. A sample location was defined as a single dive area with about 50 meter radius where enough Porites astreoides colonies (heads) were available for multiple sampling. Samples of P. astreoides were collected from five sites. Unlike the conch tissues, which only one set per location was collected for contaminant analyses, the coral tissues were collected in two sets, one for contaminant analyses and the other for histopathology measurements. - Sampling for contaminants analysis: At each location coral cores were collected from 5 different coral colonies (heads) to constitute a site-composite. Using hammer the titanium coring punch was driven into the coral colonies to extract coral cores of approximately 1.5 cm in diameter and 1-1.5 cm. Pieces of fractured coral cores were dislodged with Teflon stir stick and used as sample taking care to avoiding removal of large amounts of skeletal material. The cores of coral tissue were placed inside pre-labeled 250 ml IChem jars and then capped underwater. The jars were brought to the surface, drained of water and placed on ice. The samples were then preserved by freezing at -15 degree C until they were shipped overnight on dry-ice to the analytical laboratory. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Lauenstein and Cantillo 1998 Process_Date: 2012 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: Lauenstein and Cantillo 1998 Process_Step: Process_Description: Sample Processing and Analysis: Sediment and tissue samples were analyzed for trace elements and organic contaminants. Methods Summary:All samples were analyzed by TDI-Brooks in College Station, TX following proven methods. TDI-Brooks International, Inc who has been performing the analyses since 2000 uses a modified version of EPA methods. Samples were prepared for inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry analysis (ICP-MS) for major metals (copper, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, nickel, antimony, and zinc) while atomic fluorescence spectrometry was utilized to measure arsenic and selenium and atomic absorption spectrometry was used for mercury analysis. For all metals, but Hg, sediment and tissue samples were digested by sequentially adding nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide to Teflon bombs to achieve sample dissolution in oven. For analysis of Hg, samples were digested based on a modified version of EPA method 245.5, using a concentrated H2SO4 and HNO3 digestion, followed by addition of KMnO4, and K2S2O8, and the samples were again digested. For organic contaminants including butyltins, PAHs, PCBs, PBDEs and organochlorine-pesticides, sediment and tisse samples were first extracted. Homogenized samples were chemically dried with Hydromatix(TM). Tissue/Hydromatix(TM) mixtures were then extracted with 100% dichloromethane using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) method. The extracts were then concentrated to 3 ml by evaporative solvent reduction. Silica gel/alumina column chromatography was utilized to concentrate and purify the samples before analysis. Quantitation of PAHs and their alkylated homologues was performed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Chlorinated hydrocarbons (chlorinated pesticides and PCBs) were quantitatively determined by capillary gas chromatography with an electron capture detector (ECD). Detailed extraction and analytical methods used by the MWP are available in Kimbrough and Lauenstein (2006). Quality control samples were processed with each batch of samples in a manner identical to the samples, including matrix spikes, method blank, duplicates and standard reference materials (SRMs). In total, approximately 5% of all analyses were QC analyses. Processing quality was considered acceptable if the following criteria were met: blanks were less than three times the minimum detection limit; accuracy, as determined by analysis of certified reference materials, was within 30% and precision, as determined by replicate analyses, was within 30% for organic analytes. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Lauenstein and Cantillo 1998 Process_Date: 2012 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: Lauenstein and Cantillo 1998 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: The data dictionary may be found at: http://ccma.nos.noaa.gov/about/coast/nsandt/dictionaries/ba_mw_chemistry_dictionary.aspx Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: National Status and Trends Program - reference data dictionary http://ccma.nos.noaa.gov/about/coast/nsandt/dictionaries/ba_mw_chemistry_dictionary.aspx Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Ocean Service (NOS), National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS), Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment (CCMA) Contact_Person: Dennis Apeti Contact_Position: National Status and Trends Program Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 1305 East West Highway - 9th floor City: Silver Spring State_or_Province: MD Postal_Code: 20910 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 301-713-3028 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 301-713-4388 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: Tony.Pait@noaa.gov Resource_Description: Downloadable Data Distribution_Liability: These data were prepared by an agency of the United States Government. 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Pait@noaa.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 CoRIS: CoRIS_Metadata_Link: https://www.coris.noaa.gov/metadata/records/html/steer_metadata_2.html CoRIS_Tracking_ID: 6947