Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: US DOC; NOAA; NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITE DATA AND INFORMATION SERVICE; NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA CENTER (NODC) Publication_Date: 20120430 Publication_Time: Unknown Title: The Coral Reef Temperature Anomaly Database (CoRTAD) Version 4 - Global, 4 km Sea Surface Temperature and Related Thermal Stress Metrics for 1981-10-31 to 2010-12-31 (NODC Accession 0087989) Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: NetCDF-4 Classic Series_Information: Series_name: not applicable Issue_Identification: CoRTAD Version 4 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Silver Spring, Maryland, USA Publisher: US National Oceanographic Data Center Online_Linkage: https://accession.nodc.noaa.gov/0087989 Online_Linkage: http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/SatelliteData/Cortad/ Online_Linkage: http://dx.doi.org/10.7289/V59G5JR3 Description: Abstract: The Coral Reef Temperature Anomaly Database (CoRTAD) is a collection of sea surface temperature (SST) and related thermal stress metrics, developed specifically for coral reef ecosystem applications but relevant to other ecosystems as well. The CoRTAD Version 4 contains global, approximately 4 km resolution SST data on a weekly time scale from 1981 through 2010. Version Changes: Version 4, 1981-10-31 - 2010-12-31, Global 4320x8640, Tile 540x540, NetCDF-4 Classic Version 3, 1982-01-01 - 2009-12-31, Global 4096x8192, Tile 512x512, HDF5 Version 2, 1982-01-01 - 2008-12-31, Global 4096x8192, Tile 512x512, HDF5 Version 1, 1985-01-01 - 2005-12-31, Global 4096x8192, Tile 512x512, HDF4 NODC Accession Numbers: v3 0068999; v2 0054501; v1 0044419 CoRTAD 4 is derived from Pathfinder 5.2 Sea Surface Temperatue, while CoRTAD 3 utilized Pathfinder 5.1 and 5.0. CoRTAD 4 has 14 extra months of data, 11 percent more pixels and is produced in NetCDF-Classic format compared to CoRTAD 3. CoRTAD 4 has slightly improved harmonics and contains additional metadata. CoRTAD 4 is compliant with version 1.0 of NODC's NetCDF templates (http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/data/formats/netcdf). In addition to SST, the CoRTAD contains SST anomaly (SSTA, weekly SST minus weekly climatological SST), thermal stress anomaly (TSA, weekly SST minus the maximum weekly climatological SST), SSTA Degree Heating Week (SSTA_DHW, sum of previous 12 weeks when SSTA >= 1 degree C), SSTA Frequency (number of times over the previous 52 weeks that SSTA >= 1 degree C), TSA DHW (TSA_DHW, also known as Degree Heating Week, sum of previous 12 weeks when TSA >= 1 degree C), and TSA Frequency (number of times over previous 52 weeks that TSA >=1 degree C). The CoRTAD was created at the NOAA National Oceanographic Data Center in partnership with the University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, with support from the NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program. The purpose of the CoRTAD is to provide sea surface temperature data and related thermal stress parameters with good temporal consistency, high accuracy, and fine spatial resolution. The CoRTAD is intended primarily for climate and ecosystem related applications and studies and was designed specifically to address questions concerning the relationship between coral disease and bleaching and temperature stress. Purpose: To provide sea surface temperature data and related thermal stress parameters with good temporal consistency, high accuracy, and fine spatial resolution. The CoRTAD is intended primarily for climate and ecosystem related applications and studies and was designed specifically to address questions concerning the relationship between coral disease and bleaching and temperature stress. Supplemental_Information: [Text below adapted from: Selig, E.R., K.S. Casey, and J.F. Bruno (2010). New insights into global patterns of ocean temperature anomalies: implications for coral reef health and management, Global Ecology and Biogeography, DOI: 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00522.x. Hereafter referred to as "SCB2010".] The CoRTAD was developed using data from the Pathfinder Version 5.2 collection produced by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) and the University of Miami's Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (http://pathfinder.nodc.noaa.gov). These sea surface temperature data are derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensor and are processed to a resolution of approximately 4.6 km at the equator. These data have the highest resolution covering the longest time period of any satellite-based ocean temperature dataset. Daytime and nighttime data were averaged weekly using data with a quality flag of 4 or better. This level is a commonly accepted cutoff for "good" data (Kilpatrick et al., 2001, Casey and Cornillon, 1999). Previous versions of CoRTAD also incorporated pixels up to 5 degrees warmer than a course resolution reference SST based on the Reynolds Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature (OISST version 2.0). Since Pathfinder Version 5.2 already uses a finer resolution reference field (25 km Daily OISST) this additional step was not incorporated. These processes resulted in a weekly SST dataset that is roughly 80% gap free. To create a gap-free dataset for analysis, 3 x 3 pixel median spatial fill was used. A temporal fill was performed using the Piecewise Cubic Hermite Interpolating Polynomial (PCHIP) function in Matlab (The Mathworks Inc.) to fill the remaining gaps. This conservative approach was chosen because it provided interpolated SSTs that are bounded by the nearest available values in time. It also used data from only a very limited spatial domain, which is an important consideration given the variability of coral reef environments. Using these gap-filled data, we then created site-specific climatologies for each reef grid cell to describe long-term temperature patterns over the 29-year dataset (Eqn. 1). The climatology was generated using a harmonic analysis procedure that fits annual and semi-annual signals to the time series of weekly SSTs at each grid cell: climSST(t) = A*cos(2pi*t + B) + C*cos(4pi*t + D) + E (1) where t is time, A and B are coefficients representing the annual phase and amplitude, C and D are the semi-annual phase and amplitude, and E is the long-term temperature mean. Similar approaches have been used for generating climatologies because they are more robust than simple averaging techniques, which can be more susceptible to data gaps from periods of cloudiness (Podesta et al., 1991, Mesias et al., 2007). Earlier CoRTAD versions were derived from Pathfinder 5.0/5.1 which attempted to represent the SST's at depths of about 1 meter, similar to the SST as measured by drifting buoys. Following the recommendations of the Group for High Resolution SST (GHRSST), Pathfinder 5.2 represents the "skin" SST that is actually measured by the AVHRR instruments. Thus, Pathfinder Version 5.2 SST's are on average 0.17K lower than those of earlier versions (Donlon et al., 2007). This difference is only in the temperature parameters of CoRTAD, since it is subtracted out in the calculations of the anomalies and all the derived thermal stress metrics. As of the release of CoRTAD verison 4 a gap exists in the Pathfinder 5.2 dataset from 1994 day 275 to 1995 day 17 since Level 1B GAC data from NOAA-9 is not available from the NOAA archives. For these 3.5 months SST has been interpolated from Pathfinder 5.0 and 0.17K is subtracted to get the skin temperature. Temperature anomaly metrics: Several metrics could be used to link coral reef ecosystem health with temperature including trophic structure, diversity or percent coral cover (Newman et al., 2006, Roberts et al., 2002, Bruno and Selig, 2007). However, this analysis focused on coral bleaching and disease because they are key drivers of coral decline and their relationships with temperature patterns are better understood (Aronson and Precht, 2001, Bruno et al., 2007, Glynn, 1993). Analyses were performed on two metrics (see Table 1 of SCB2010): one that is commonly known to lead to bleaching (Liu et al., 2003, Strong et al., 2004, Glynn, 1993), and one that is correlated with increased disease severity (Selig et al., 2006, Bruno et al., 2007). Coral bleaching results when corals lose their symbiotic zooxanthellae (Glynn, 1993, Glynn, 1996). Bleaching is a natural stress response not only to warm temperatures, but also to cool temperatures (Hoegh-Guldberg and Fine, 2004) as well as light and salinity values different from the normal range (Glynn, 1993). Corals can recover from bleaching, but their ability to do so is dependent on the magnitude and duration of the anomaly event (Glynn, 1993). The temperature thresholds that result in coral bleaching vary by location and species (Berkelmans and Willis, 1999). Bleaching is often connected to Thermal Stress Anomalies (TSAs), which are defined as areas where temperatures exceed by 1 degree C or more the climatologically warmest week of the year (Table 2, Glynn, 1993). The temperature anomaly thresholds relevant to disease have been studied in only one pathogen-host system (Selig et al., 2006, Bruno et al., 2007). In that system, changes in disease cases were correlated with Weekly Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies (WSSTAs), temperatures that were 1 degree C greater than the weekly average for that location. The best metric for predicting bleaching or disease may vary according to location, species, and pathogen (Selig et al., 2006, Bruno et al., 2007, Berkelmans, 2002). For example, bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef was best predicted by the maximum anomaly over a 3 day period (Berkelmans et al., 2004), rather than an anomaly metric like the TSA. Although the 7-day averaging approach in the CoRTAD may be too temporally coarse to capture all bleaching events, it is necessary to maintain consistency and minimize gaps in the dataset across broad spatial scales. In addition, the data are less likely to yield false positives for TSAs and will likely capture most WSSTA events, which have a lower temperature threshold. References: (see SCB2010 for complete list) Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 19811031 Ending_Date: 20101231 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: As needed Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -180.0 East_Bounding_Coordinate: 180.0 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 90.0 South_Bounding_Coordinate: -90.0 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: NCEI Geoportal Filter Theme_Keyword: CoRIS_Metadata Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Global Change Master Directory Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Aquatic Habitat > Coastal Habitat Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Aquatic Habitat > Reef Habitat Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Climate Indicators Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Hydrosphere > Water Quality > Water Temperature Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Coastal Processes > Coral Reefs Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Temperature > Sea Surface Temperature Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Temperature > Sea Surface Temperature > AVHRR Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Temperature > Sea Surface Temperature > AVHRR > 4km Pathfinder Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Temperature > Sea Surface Temperature > AVHRR > 9km Pathfinder Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Temperature > Sea Surface Temperature > AVHRR > MCSST Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Temperature > Sea Surface Temperature > AVHRR > NLSST Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere Theme_Keyword: 004 Theme_Keyword: oceans Theme_Keyword: 014 Theme_Keyword: environment Theme_Keyword: 007 Theme_Keyword: biota Theme_Keyword: 002 Theme_Keyword: economy Theme_Keyword: 005 Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: NODC DATA TYPES THESAURUS Theme_Keyword: SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE Theme_Keyword: WATER TEMPERATURE Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: NODC INSTRUMENT TYPES THESAURUS Theme_Keyword: AVHRR > Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer Theme_Keyword: AVHRR-GAC Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: NODC OBSERVATION TYPES THESAURUS Theme_Keyword: satellite data Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: NODC PLATFORM NAMES THESAURUS Theme_Keyword: 3101 - NOAA-11 SATELLITE Theme_Keyword: 3277 - NOAA-14 SATELLITE Theme_Keyword: NOAA-9 SATELLITE Theme_Keyword: NOAA-16 SATELLITE Theme_Keyword: NOAA-17 SATELLITE Theme_Keyword: NOAA-7 SATELLITE Theme_Keyword: NOAA-18 SATELLITE Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: NODC PROJECT NAMES THESAURUS Theme_Keyword: COASTAL Theme_Keyword: CORAL REEF STUDIES Theme_Keyword: Coral Reef Information System Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: NODC SUBMITTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS Theme_Keyword: US DOC; NOAA; NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITE DATA AND INFORMATION SERVICE; NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA CENTER (NODC) Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: NODC COLLECTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS Theme_Keyword: US DOC; NOAA; NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITE DATA AND INFORMATION SERVICE; NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA CENTER (NODC) Theme_Keyword: UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA - CHAPEL HILL (UNC) Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: NODC ACCESSION Theme_Keyword: 87989 Theme_Keyword: 0087989 Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: CoRIS Discovery Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: Numeric Data Sets > Oceanography Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: CoRIS Theme Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Aquatic Habitat > Coastal Habitat Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Aquatic Habitat > Reef Habitat Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Temperature > Water Temperature Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Coastal Processes > Coral Reefs Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Temperature > Sea Surface Temperature Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Temperature > Sea Surface Temperature > AVHRR Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: CRCP Project Theme_Keyword: The Coral Reef Temperature Anomaly Database Theme_Keyword: 513 Theme_Keyword: C047 The Coral Reef Temperature Anomaly Database Theme_Keyword: 2068 Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: CoRIS Region Place_Keyword: MHI Place_Keyword: NWHI Place_Keyword: Guam Place_Keyword: CNMI Place_Keyword: AmSam Place_Keyword: PRIA Place_Keyword: Florida Place_Keyword: FGB Place_Keyword: PR Place_Keyword: USVI Place_Keyword: Navassa Place_Keyword: Palau Place_Keyword: FSM Place_Keyword: RMI Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: NODC SEA AREA NAMES THESAURUS Place_Keyword: World-Wide Distribution Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: CoRIS Place Thesaurus Place_Keyword: OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean Place_Keyword: OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Hawaiian Islands > Hawaii > Hawaii (21N160W0000) Place_Keyword: COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Hawaii > Hawaii (21N160W0000) Place_Keyword: OCEAN BASIN > Atlantic Ocean Place_Keyword: OCEAN BASIN > Indian Ocean Place_Keyword: OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Western Pacific Ocean > Guam > Guam (13N144E0000) Place_Keyword: COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Guam > Guam (13N144E0000) Place_Keyword: COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Puerto Rico > Puerto Rico (18N066W0000) Place_Keyword: OCEAN BASIN > Atlantic Ocean > Caribbean Sea /North Atlantic Ocean > Puerto Rico > Puerto Rico (18N066W0000) Place_Keyword: OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (28N178W0000) Place_Keyword: COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Honolulu > Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (28N178W0000) Place_Keyword: COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Navassa Island > Navassa Island > Navassa Island (18N075W0001) Place_Keyword: OCEAN BASIN > Atlantic Ocean > Caribbean Sea > Navassa Island > Navassa Island > Navassa Island (18N075W0001) Place_Keyword: COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > U. 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Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: US DOC; NOAA; NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITE DATA AND INFORMATION SERVICE; NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA CENTER Contact_Person: Casey, Dr. Kenneth Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: SSMC3 Fourth Floor1315 EAST WEST HWY City: Silver Spring State_or_Province: MD Postal_Code: 20910-3282 Country: Unknown Contact_Voice_Telephone: Unavailable Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: Unavailable Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: https://data.nodc.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/gfx?id=gov.noaa.nodc:0087989 Browse_Graphic_File_Description: A browse graphic demonstrating the long term SST Anomaly Standard Deviation in the CoRTAD. Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG Data_Set_Credit: Elizabeth R. Selig (UNC-Chapel Hill, currently with Conservation International), Kenneth S. Casey (NODC), and John F. Bruno (UNC-Chapel Hill) Security_Information: Security_Classification_System: none Security_Classification: Unclassified Security_Handling_Description: not applicable Native_Data_Set_Environment: Network Common Data Form (NetCDF-4 Classic). This accession contains 128 tile files, which follow the file naming convention described below. Each tile file contains all of the parameters for all of the time steps in the CoRTAD for a set geographic region. The regions are simple 540 by 540 pixels subsets of the globe, with 8 rows and 16 columns (8 * 16 = 128 tiles). A graphic of the tiles is available at: http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/SatelliteData/Cortad/TileMap.jpg. File naming convention: cortadv3_rowYY_colXX.nc where YY = 00 to 7 and XX = 00 to 15.for example: cortad_row03_col05.nc nc = Indicates NetCDF-4 Classic file format. This file contains the data and information from all 128 tiles. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science Publication_Date: 20010630 Publication_Time: 185600 Title: AVHRR Pathfinder Oceans Edition: none Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: website Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Miami, FL Publisher: Remote Sensing Group, RSMAS Online_Linkage: http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/groups/rrsl/pathfinder/ Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: NOAA National Environmental, Satellite, Data, and Information Services (NESDIS)/National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) Publication_Date: 19981130 Publication_Time: Unknown Title: NOAA Polar Orbiter Data User's Guide Edition: November 1998 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: website Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Asheville, North Carolina Publisher: NOAA National Climatic Data Center Online_Linkage: http://www2.ncdc.noaa.gov/docs/podug/ Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory Physical Oceanography Publication_Date: 20031107 Publication_Time: 115600 Title: NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: website Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Pasadena, CA Publisher: NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory Online_Linkage: http://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/sst/ Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Casey, K.S., and P. Cornillon Publication_Date: 19990630 Publication_Time: Unknown Title: A comparison of satellite and in situ-based sea surface temperature climatologies Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article Series_Information: Series_name: none Issue_Identification: J. Climate, Volume 12, No. 6 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Boston, MA Publisher: American Meteorological Society Other_Citation_Details: in pp. 1848-1862 Online_Linkage: http://ams.allenpress.com/amsonline/?request=index-html Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: American Meteorological Society Publication_Date: 19990630 Publication_Time: Unknown Title: Journal of Climate, Vol. 12 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal Series_Information: Series_name: None Issue_Identification: Vol. 12, No. 6 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Boston, MA Publisher: American Meteorological Society Online_Linkage: http://ams.allenpress.com/amsonline/?request=get-archive Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Casey, K.S., and P. Cornillon Publication_Date: 20010930 Publication_Time: Unknown Title: Global and regional sea surface temperature trends Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article Series_Information: Series_name: None Issue_Identification: J. Climate, Volume 14, No. 18 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Boston, MA Publisher: American Meteorological Society Other_Citation_Details: pp. 3801-3818 Online_Linkage: http://ams.allenpress.com/amsonline/?request=index-html Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: American Meteorological Society Publication_Date: 20010930 Publication_Time: Unknown Title: Journal of Climate, Vol. 14 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal Series_Information: Series_name: None Issue_Identification: Volume 14, No. 18 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Boston, MA Publisher: American Meteorological Society Online_Linkage: http://ams.allenpress.com/amsonline/?request=get-archive Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Kilpatrick, K. A., Podesta, G. P., and Evans, R. Publication_Date: 20010530 Publication_Time: Unknown Title: Overview of the NOAA/NASA Pathfinder algorithm for sea surface temperature and associated matchup database Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article Series_Information: Series_name: None Issue_Identification: Jour. Geophys. Res., Volume 106, No. C5 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Washington, DC Publisher: American Geophysical Union Other_Citation_Details: pp. 9179-9197 Online_Linkage: http://www.agu.org/journals/jc/jc0105/1999JC000065/0.html Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: American Geophysical Union Publication_Date: 20010530 Publication_Time: Unknown Title: Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 106 Edition: Oceans Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal Series_Information: Series_name: None Issue_Identification: Volume 106, No. C5 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Washington, DC Publisher: American Geophysical Union Online_Linkage: http://www.agu.org/journals/jc/ Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: Details on the accuracy of the CoRTAD are provided in: Selig, E.R., K.S. Casey, and J.F. Bruno (2010). New insights into global patterns of ocean temperature anomalies: implications for coral reef health and management, Global Ecology and Biogeography, DOI: 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00522.x. Logical_Consistency_Report: Files are run against the program (algorithm) MD5 to verify data integrity which generates a code, called an MD5 checksum. After files are transferred from one place to another, the program can be run on the file again and a new code generated. The old MD5 checksum code should be identical to the new MD5 checksum code. If not, the file was somehow corrupted during transfer (see original MD5 documentation athttp://www.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1321.txt) Completeness_Report: The CoRTAD uses global, 4km sea surface temperature data from the Pathfinder Version 5.2 collection. Each version of the CoRTAD was developed using the most current data available from that collection at the time of development. Version 1 of the CoRTAD uses final data for 1985-2001 and 2003, and interim data for 2002 and 2004-2005. Version 2 of the CoRTAD uses final data for 1982-2006 and interim data for 2007-2008. Version 3 of the CoRTAD uses final data for 1982-2006 and interim data for 2007-2009. Version 4 utilized Pathfinder 5.2 which was published in final form for the entire period from 1981 through 2010. Each Pathfinder 5.2 pixel over the global ocean is processed to create a gap-free daily time series of sea surface temperature. A few pixels over the ocean never have a valid Pathfinder pixel. These locations are not gap filled and are identified in each CoRTAD file by an array called AllBad. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: The major sources of error in geo-locating AVHRR data are (a) drift in the spacecraft clock (which causes errors in the estimated along-track position), and (b) uncertainty errors in spacecraft and sensor attitude.(a) Clock Correction to minimize error in the along track position estimated by the orbital model, a satellite a clock correction factor is applied to the time code embedded in each piece. The method used to determine these clock correction factors is presented below. The clock aboard a given satellite drifts continually at a relatively constant rate (e.g., for NOAA-14,~9msday-1) compared to the reference clock on Earth. Because of this drift, the NOAA/NESDIS Satellite Operation Control Center periodically sends a command to the satellite to reset the on-board clock to a new baseline thereby eliminating the accumulation of a large time offset error between the Earth and satellite clocks. To correct for clock drift between these resets, correction factors were determined from a database of satellite clock time and Earth time offsets collected at the RSMAS High Resolution Picture Transmission (HRPT) receiving station. During HRPT transmission, both the satellite clock (used to create the embedded time code in each piece) and the Earth clock are simultaneously available. The clock correction bias was determined by (1)visual examination of the Earth/satellite clock differences collected in the database to locate the precise magnitude and timing of clock resets performed by the Satellite Operation Control Center and (2) recorded time differences between the identified reset periods were then filtered to remove spurious noise, and regressed against the corresponding satellite time to determine the clock drift correction. These drift corrections were then applied to all data time-stamped during a given reset period. Refer to Sea Surface Temperature Global Area Coverage (GAC) Processing Appendix A: Calibration and Navigation Correction Factors for a list of clock offsets for each NOAA spacecraft(http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/groups/rrsl/pathfinder/Processing/proc_app_a.html).(b) Attitude Corrections After clock correction, a nominal attitude correction is then applied to minimize the uncertainty in regard to the direction in which the spacecraft is pointing. The nominal attitude correction applied was determined by averaging the absolute attitude of the spacecraft over many geographic locations and times along the orbital track. The method used to determine the absolute attitude of the spacecraft involves matching a digital coastal outline to a given image and recording the amount of pitch, yaw, and roll required to make the outline and land coincide. This method has the advantage that it can be performed over small geographical distances and is similar to other techniques which rely on widely separated geographical control points to anchor the navigation. The resultant navigation information, output by the SECTOR procedure for each piece, provides the mapping parameters needed to convert between the satellite perspective of pixel and scan line, and Earth-based latitude and longitude coordinates. Refer to Sea Surface Temperature Global Area Coverage (GAC) Processing Appendix A:Calibration and Navigation Correction Factors for attitude correction factors for each NOAA spacecraft (http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/groups/rrsl/pathfinder/Processing/proc_app_a.html). Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Refer to the Horizontal Positional Accuracy Report for a discussion of sources of error in geo-locating AVHRR data. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: The CoRTAD uses sea surface temperature data from the Pathfinder Version 5.2 collection produced by NOAA's National Oceanographic Data Center and the University of Miami's School of Marine and Atmospheric Science. Each version of the CoRTAD was developed using the most current data available in the Pathfinder Version 5.2 collection at the time of development. Version 1 of the CoRTAD uses final data for 1985-2001 and 2003 and interim data for 2002 and 2004-2005, with a climatology based on data from 1985-2001. Version 2 of the CoRTAD uses final data for 1982-2006 and interim data for 2007-2008, with a climatology based on data from 1985-2008. Version 3 of the CoRTAD uses final data for 1982-2006 and interim data for 2007-2009, with a climatology based on data from 1985-2009. Version 4 utilized Pathfinder 5.2 which was published in final form for the entire period from 1981 through 2010. For more information about Version 5.2 Pathfinder, see the user guide at http://pathfinder.nodc.noaa.gov/userguide.html. Details on the processing of the CoRTAD are provided in: Selig, E.R., K.S. Casey, and J.F. Bruno (2010). New insights into global patterns of ocean temperature anomalies: implications for coral reef health and management, Global Ecology and Biogeography, DOI: 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00522.x. Process_Date: 201204 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Dr. Kenneth S. Casey Contact_Organization: NOAA National Oceanographic Data Center Contact_Position: Physical scientist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: NOAA National Oceanographic Data Center, SSMC3, 4th Floor, Room 4853, E/OC, 1315 East-West Highway City: Silver Spring State_or_Province: Maryland Postal_Code: 20910 Country: U.S.A. Contact_Voice_Telephone: (301) 713-3272 x133 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: FAX: (301) 713-3300 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: Kenneth.Casey@noaa.gov Hours_of_Service: 9:00 AM-4:00 PM, EST Contact_Instructions: Phone/FAX/E-mail/letter Cloud_Cover: Unknown Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster Raster_Object_Information: Raster_Object_Type: Grid Cell Row_Count: 4320 Column_Count: 8640 Vertical_Count: 1 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Geographic: Latitude_Resolution: 0.0416666667 Longitude_Resolution: 0.0416666667 Geographic_Coordinate_Units: Decimal degrees Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: WGS84 Ellipsoid_Name: WGS84 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257223563 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: The CoRTAD contains global, approximately 4 km resolution SST data on a weekly time scale from 1981 through 2010. In addition to SST, it contains SST anomaly (SSTA, weekly SST minus weekly climatological SST), thermal stress anomaly (TSA, weekly SST minus the maximum weekly climatological SST), SSTA Degree Heating Week (SSTA_DHW, sum of previous 12 weeks when SSTA >= 1 degree C), SSTA Frequency (number of times over previous 52 weeks that SSTA >= 1 degree C), TSA DHW (TSA_DHW, also known as a Degree Heating Week, sum of previous 12 weeks when TSA >= 1 degree C),and TSA Frequency (number of times over previous 52 weeks that TSA >= 1 degree C). Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: See the CoRTAD web site at http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/SatelliteData/Cortad for more information. Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: NOAA National Oceanographic Data Center Contact_Position: Customer Service Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: SSMC3, 4th Floor, E/OC, 1315 East-West Highway City: Silver Spring State_or_Province: MD Postal_Code: 20910-3282 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 301-713-3277 or 301-713-3280 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 301-713-3301 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: nodc.services@noaa.gov Contact_Instructions: Phone/FAX/E-mail/letter during business hours Resource_Description: Downloadable Data Distribution_Liability: NOAA makes no warranty regarding these data, expressed or implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NODC cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data, nor as a result of the failure of these data to function on a particular system. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: NetCDF Format_Version_Number: 4 Classic Format_Specification: Network Common Data Form (NetCDF-4 Classic) Format_Information_Content: Sea surface temperature (SST) and derived thermal stress metrics. File_Decompression_Technique: NetCDF 4 files employ internal zlip data compression. Transfer_Size: 270540.0 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://data.nodc.noaa.gov/cortad/Version4/ Access_Instructions: Data may be directly downloaded through the NODC web site at: http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/Archive/Search/. NODC Customer Service can be contacted directly for custom orders. (When requesting data from the NODC, the desired data set may be referred to by the NODC Accession Number given in the RESOURCE DESCRIPTION field of this metadata record.) Online_Computer_and_Operating_System: Standard Internet browser, PC, Mac, UNIX, Linux systems Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: ftp://ftp.nodc.noaa.gov/pub/data.nodc/cortad/Version4/ Access_Instructions: These data are available through the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). The base URL of NODC_s FTP server is ftp://ftp.nodc.noaa.gov/ and you may use any FTP client to download these data. Online_Computer_and_Operating_System: Any FTP client Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/OAS/prd/accession/download/0087989 Access_Instructions: Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download. Online_Computer_and_Operating_System: Standard Internet browser; FTP capability Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://data.nodc.noaa.gov/thredds/catalog/cortad/Version4/catalog.html Access_Instructions: These data are available through a variety of services via a THREDDS (Thematic Real-time Environmental Distributed Data Services) Data Server (TDS). The base URL of NODC_s TDS is https://data.nodc.noaa.gov/thredds. Depending on the dataset, the TDS can provide WMS, WCS, DAP, HTTP, and other data access and metadata services as well. For more information on the TDS, see http://www.unidata.ucar.edu/software/thredds/current/tds/. Online_Computer_and_Operating_System: Standard Internet browsers can browse THREDDS servers specialized OPeNDAP software can enable more sophisticated data access. Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://data.nodc.noaa.gov/opendap/cortad/Version4/contents.html Access_Instructions: These data are available through the Data Access Protocol (DAP) via an OPeNDAP Hyrax server. The base URL of NODC_s Hyrax server is https://data.nodc.noaa.gov/opendap/. For a listing of OPeNDAP clients which may be used to access OPeNDAP-enabled data sets, please see the OPeNDAP web site at http://opendap.org/. Online_Computer_and_Operating_System: Standard Internet browsers can browse OPeNDAP servers and specialized OPeNDAP software can enable more sophisticated data access and visualizations. Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://data.nodc.noaa.gov/las/getUI.do?dsid=id-135df54bbd&varid=MedfillSST-id-135df54bbd&auto=true Access_Instructions: Navigate directly to the Live Access Server (LAS) URL for data access and direct download; use choose dataset button to select a dataset. Fees: None Ordering_Instructions: These data are available from multiple online sources; seethe "DIGITAL FORM" section of this metadata record and follow the instructions for "Online Options". Turnaround: 24 hours if downloaded via the Internet Custom_Order_Process: Contact the NODC User Services Group via phone/FAX/E-mail: nodc.services@noaa.gov Technical_Prerequisites: PC, Mac, UNIX or other, standard Internet browser, ability to work with/utilize .NetCDF files strongly recommended. Available_Time_Period: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 19811031 Beginning_Time: Unknown Ending_Date: 20101231 Ending_Time: Unknown Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20200329 Metadata_Review_Date: 20120502 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Dr. Kenneth S. Casey Contact_Organization: NOAA National Oceanographic Data Center Contact_Position: Physical scientist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: NOAA National Oceanographic Data Center, SSMC3, 4th Floor, Room 4853, E/OC, 1315 East-West Highway City: Silver Spring State_or_Province: Maryland Postal_Code: 20910 Country: U.S.A. Contact_Voice_Telephone: (301) 713-3272 x133 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: FAX: (301) 713-3300 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: Kenneth.Casey@noaa.gov Hours_of_Service: 9:00 AM-4:00 PM, EST Contact_Instructions: Phone/FAX/E-mail/letter Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Time_Convention: local time Metadata_Access_Constraints: None Metadata_Use_Constraints: None Metadata_Security_Information: Metadata_Security_Classification_System: None Metadata_Security_Classification: Unclassified Metadata_Security_Handling_Description: None CoRIS: CoRIS_ID: 20120502055512 CoRIS_Children: None CoRIS_Beginning_Date: 19811031 CoRIS_Ending_Date: 20101231 CoRIS_Metadata_Link: https://www.coris.noaa.gov/metadata/records/html/cortadv4_fgdc_meta_nodc_0087989.html CoRIS_Tracking_ID: 6480