Dr. Anthony Russo - Leeward Community College
Dr. Roger S. Fujioka - Water Resources Research Center, University Of Hawaii at Manoa
Dr. Jamse E.T. Moncur - Water Resources Research Center, University Of Hawaii at Manoa
Unknown
A Survey of Selected Coral and Fish Assemblages Near
the Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, 1990-1999 (NODC Accession 0000794)
https://accession.nodc.noaa.gov/0000794
During 1990-1999, coral growth and fish abundance were monitored at stations located at and
in the vicinity of the Waianae Ocean Outfall. Comparisons of results with fish surveys
showed no significant differences in the species composition or relative abundances
of fish populations at Station W-2 (the sunken ship Mahi), which is located 1.2 km
south of the diffuser. Fish abundance and species richness increased at
Station W- 3, which is located at the diffuser, from 1990 to 1995, decreased in 1996,
and increased again in 1997 through 1999. At Station WW, an inshore station located 0.8 km
from shore, fish were abundant and speciose on the armor rock covering the pipeline. The fish
species seen inshore are comparable to fish species seen in similar (boulder) natural
biotopes around Hawaii. There were no significant differences in total mean coral cover
at selected quadrats from 1994 to 1999 at Station W-2. However, there was a significant
increase (approximately 8%) in total mean coral cover at this station from 1991 to 1999.
At the diffuser, corals were seen growing on the diffuser pipe and on the riser discharge
ports. In 1986, when the diffuser began operation at a discharge rate of 1.5 mgd (0.07
m3/s), no corals were seen at this location. At inshore station WW, corals off the pipeline
were sparsely distributed but were numerous and thriving on the armor rock over the
pipeline. In 1998 the inshore transect (Alpha), off the armor rock, was covered (30%)
with the alga Dictyopteris plagiogramma; however, in 1999 it disappeared. This seaweed
was also abundant at this location in 1995, 1996, and 1997. The water was clear at all
stations surveyed (13 to 20 m horizontal visibility), and the surrounding sediments were
clean and white. No significant deleterious effect due to outfall operation and discharge
were seen on the biological community at the stations surveyed. The increase in fish
diversity and abundance at the diffuser since 1997 may be due to natural fluctuations in
abundance or to environmental conditions suitable to the fish populations living there.
Determine the status of the marine resources in the vicinity of the discharge
in an effort to quantitatively ascertain if any impacts are occurring to the
coral reef biota.
NOAASupplemental:
Entry_ID: Unknown
Sensor_Name: Water Quality Instruments unknown
Sensor_Name: visual census
Source_Name: Water Resources Research Center Annual Outfall Monitoring
Originating_Center: Leeward Community College and University of Hawaii Storage_Medium: ASCII, MS Word
Reference: None
Online_size: 2300 kilobytes
19901020
19990831
ground condition
Annually
-158.28
-158.26
21.43
21.41
NCEI Geoportal FilterCoRIS_Metadata
None
Coastal studies,
biological survey,
coral survey,
Coral reef monitoring and assessment,
substatum percent cover (coral, algal, rock, sand)
macroinvertebrate census
fish census
fish species
fish biomass
invertebrate species
coral species
algal species
percent oxygen concentration
temperature
salinity
pH
ISO 19115 Topic Category
biota
002
CoRIS Discovery Thesaurus
Numeric Data Sets > Biology
CoRIS Theme Thesaurus
EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Salinity/Density > Salinity
EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Chemistry > Oxygen
EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Chemistry > pH
EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Temperature > Water Temperature
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Vegetation > Algae
EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Marine Biology > Marine Invertebrates
EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Marine Biology > Marine Invertebrates > Macroinvertebrates
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Reef Fish Census
EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Marine Biology > Fish > Fish Census
EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Marine Biology > Fish > Fish Assemblages
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Benthos Analysis
EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Coastal Processes > Coral Reefs > Coral Reef Ecology > Coral Cover
None
Pacific Ocean
Hawaii
Oahu
west Oahu
Waianae
CoRIS Place Thesaurus
COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Honolulu > Oahu (21N157W0003)
OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Hawaiian Islands > Oahu Island > Oahu (21N157W0003)
None
Benthic
None
Dataset credit required
Dr. Anthony Russo
Leeward Community College
Field Surveryor
mailing address
96-045 Ala Ike
Pearl City
Hawaii
96782
USA
808-455-0282
trusso@pixi.com
Water Resources Research Center
University Of Hawaii at Manoa
Leeward Community College
Department of Environmental Services
City and County of Honolulu
ASCII text, MS Word
see Process Step
The surveys were 100% complete
SAMPLING STATIONS:
Station W-2 is located 1.2 km south of the zone of initial dilution (ZID) on the deck
of the sunken ship Mahi at a depth of approximately 30 m. The area is one of the prime
sites to which local dive shops take their tourist customers. It is known for its
clear water and abundance of marine life.
Station W-3 is located at the middle of the diffuser at a depth of approximately
30 m. The 42-inch (1.06-m) diameter diffuser pipe is buried in the sediment and covered
with tremie concrete. Discharge is through risers projecting vertically from the pipe.
Surrounding sediments consist of coarse carbonate sands.
Station WW is located 1 km offshore on the effluent pipeline at a depth of
approximately 8 m. Two transects, one approximately 20 m north of the pipeline
(Transect Alpha) and the other on the pipeline (Transect Beta), were set up at this
station. The outfall pipe is covered with tremie concrete and surrounded by large armor
rock boulders. Transect Alpha lies on flat limestone substratum and Transect Beta on the
armor rock covering the pipeline. Both transects are approximately 20 m long and run
perpendicular to shore. With authorization from the Hawaii Department of Land and
Natural Resources (DLNR), Station WW became a permanent station in 1994; it was
established to monitor, temporally, any inshore movement of effluent discharged from
the outfall. Transect Alpha was monitored in 1990 and 1991, although its monitoring was
not then a requirement of DLNR. It was not monitored in 1992 or 1993 because of
destruction of transects by Hurricane Iniki in September 1992. A new Transect Alpha
was established in 1994.
In late April 1995, the CCH Oceanographic Team found the 2-inch (5.08-cm)
diameter transect wire at Transect Alpha to be damaged and large sections moved or
altogether gone from the area. It is not certain whether this was due to natural causes
(wave action) or other causes (vandalism, anchor dragging). The transect wire was
replaced on 8 and 9 May 1995 by the CCH team.
There is no spatial control station in this study; the stations selected are all located
at different depths and differ in bottom type and relief. At the chosen stations, relief is
provided by artificial structures (i.e., the diffuser, sunken ship, and armor rock). Because
of the uniqueness of each station, comparisons cannot be made among stations for coral
and fish abundance and species richness. Only year-to-year comparisons of survey data
obtained at the same station can be made.
METHODOLOGY
background:
-----------
The City and County of Honolulu's conservation district use permit for installation
of a wastewater outfall pipe at Waianae, Oahu, Hawaii, was approved subject to
several conditions (Board of Land and Natural Resources letter to the City,
11/15/83; ref. no. CPO-844, file no. OA-4/11/83-1541). Among the conditions was
the requirement that, in the vicinity of the outfall diffuser, fishery stocks be
censused annually after the first year of discharge and benthic organisms be
monitored photographically annually. The Waianae Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP)
is a secondary treatment system which discharges an average of 3.2 million gallons
per day (0.14 m3/s) of mainly domestic wastewater through an outfall 6,000 feet
(1.8 km) offshore at a diffuser depth of approximately 110 feet (33 m). The diffuser is
531 feet (161.8 m) long and discharges at approximately 1.5 feet (0.5 m) above the
seafloor through vertical risers. Researchers from the University of Hawaii and
oceanographic personnel from the City and County of Honolulu Department of Wastewater
Management collaborated in a scuba survey of the marine community near the Waianae
Ocean Outfall.
strategy:
---------
materials and methods:
----------------------
Normally at the diffuser isobath (33 m) and near the hull of the sunken ship Mahi
(depth of 33 m) off the Waianae coast, the bottom is mostly sand with some rubble.
Usually no coral are present, and few fishes reside at this depth. However, artificial reefs
in the area can attract fishes and provide substrata for coral growth. At Stations W-2 and
W-3, artificial structures (a sunken ship and the outfall structure, respectively) provide
habitats for fish as well as surfaces and relief for coral settlement, colonization, and
growth. At Station WW (depth of 8 m) armor rock covering the pipeline provides relief in
areas where normally flat limestone with 1% to 2% coral cover exists.
At all stations fish counts were made along permanent transects by divers equipped
with scuba (Brock 1982). Fishes were counted along the transect as the diver swam
upline looking 3 m to the right and then downline looking 3 m to the right. At Station W-
2 divers counted fishes along a permanent transect, 30 m long x 6 m wide,
down the centerline of the ship's deck. At Station W-3 fish counts were made along a
transect located at the terminal 30 m of the diffuser. At Station WW fishes
were counted along the two transects (20 m long x 9 m wide each).
Fish species composition at all stations was compared with past surveys using
Cochran's nonparametric Q-test for species presence or absence (Green 1979). The Q
value is tested against the chi-square critical value for years minus one degree of freedom
and p = 0.05. Green recommends this test because it precludes meeting the assumptions
of homogeneous variances of abundances and normal distribution of the data. The test
addresses the null hypothesis 'no differences in species composition among survey
years'. Species composition is a better estimator of temporal stability in fish communities
than relative abundance, since there may be large natural fluctuations in fish abundances
from year to year and season to season.
A Bray-Curtis index was also used to measure similarity of fish species
composition. For Station W-2 the 1999 fish community composition, abundance, and
number of species were compared with survey results from earlier years. For Station W-3
comparisons of fish presence or absence (Cochran's Q-test) and similarity were made for
1992 through 1999. In 1991 there was some fish activity at Station W-3, but no fish were
seen swimming on the transect. For Station WW comparisons of fish species composition
were made for 1990, 1991, and 1994 through 1999. Since errors can occur because of
differences in technique and capability among observers, the same diver-observer (the
author) performs the fish counts annually.
Estimates of coral cover on selected permanent quadrats were made using bottom
photography and the subsequent projection of photos on a grid. Coral cover was
estimated by total grid cover relative to the total area of the quadrat. For all stations the
presence of all macroinvertebrates seen was recorded. Coral cover between 1998 and
1999 and between 1991 and 1999 were compared (Station W-2) using a paired t-test to
determine if significant differences in total coral cover exist (Sokal and Rohlf 1995). The
use of inferential statistical analysis may not be valid when comparing data for the same
location over time because the assumption of independent sampling may be violated. The
abundance of an organism at time t1 may influence the abundance at time t2. This
problem of independence is not a factor when using the paired t-test. This test is not
sensitive to moderate deviations from normality, is not affected by assumptions of
homogeneous variances because only one variable is involved, and eliminates a
maximum number of sources of extraneous variation by making pairs similar with respect
to as many variables as possible (Daniel 1987). If the data are seriously skewed from
normality, a nonparametric paired sign test may be used instead.
INSTRUMENT TYPES:
-SCUBA
-Visual census
-Photography
-water quality instruments unconfirmed
REFERENCES:
Brock, R.E. 1982. A critique on the visual census method for assessing coral reef fish
populations. Bull. Mar. Sci. 32:269-276.
Daniel, W.W. 1987. Biostatistics: A foundation for analysis in the health sciences. New
York: Wiley and Sons.
Green, R.H. 1979. Sampling design and statistical methods for environmental biologists.
New York: Wiley-Interscience. 314 pp.
Grigg, R.W. 1994. Effects of sewage discharge, fishing pressure and habitat complexity
on coral reef ecosystems and reef fishes in Hawaii. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 103:25-
34.
Hobson, E.S. 1984. The structure of reef fish communities in the Hawaiian archipelago.
In Proc. N.W. Hawaiian Island Symp., MR-84-01, University of Hawaii Sea Grant
College Program, Honolulu, pp. 57-70.
Hoover, J.P. 1993. Hawaii's fishes: A guide for snorkelers, divers, and aquarists.
Honolulu: Mutual Publ. 178 pp.
Oda, D.K., and J.D. Parrish. 1981. Ecology of commercial snappers and groupers
introduced to Hawaiian waters. Proc. 4th Int. Coral Reef Symp., vol. I, Manila,
Philippines.
Pastorak, R.A. and G.R. Bilyard. 1985. Effects of sewage pollution on coral reef
communities. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 21:175-189.
Randall, J. 1987. Introductions of marine fishes to the Hawaiian islands. Bull. Mar. Sci.
4(2):490-502.
Reed, S.A., E.A. Kay, and A.R. Russo. 1977. Survey of benthic coral reef ecosystems,
fish populations, and micromollusks in the vicinity of the Waianae sewage ocean
outfall, Oahu, Hawaii Summer 1975. Tech. Rep. 104, Water Resources Research
Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu. 36 pp.
Russo, A.R. 1992. A survey of selected coral and fish assemblages near the Waianae
Ocean Outfall, 1992. Spec. Rep. 10.19:92, Water Resources Research Center,
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu. 8 pp.
Russo, A.R. 1993. A survey of selected coral and fish assemblages near the Waianae
Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, 1993. Proj. Rep. PR-94-10, Water Resources
Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu. 14 pp.
Russo, A.R. 1994. A survey of selected coral and fish assemblages near the Waianae
Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, 1994. Proj. Rep. PR-95-04, Water Resources
Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu. 23 pp.
Russo, A.R. 1995. A survey of selected coral and fish assemblages near the Waianae
Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawai\221i, 1995. Proj. Rep. PR-96-01, Water Resources
Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu. 25 pp.
Russo, A.R. 1996. A survey of selected coral and fish assemblages near the Waianae
Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawai\221i, 1996. Proj. Rep. PR-97-03, Water Resources
Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu. 26 pp.
Russo, A.R. 1997. A survey of selected coral and fish assemblages near the Waianae
Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, 1997. Proj. Rep. PR-98-03, Water Resources
Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu. 26 pp.
Russo, A.R. 1998. A survey of selected coral and fish assemblages near the Waianae
Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, 1998. Proj. Rep. PR-99-04, Water Resources
Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu. 26 pp.
Russo, A., and L.S. Lau. 1986. Benthic and fish survey in the vicinity of the Waianae
sewer outfall. Unpubl. rep. to City and County of Honolulu. Water Resources
Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu.
Sokal, R.R., and F.J. Rohlf. 1995. Biometry: The principles and practice of statistics in
biological research. 3d edition. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman & Co. 887 pp.
Tabata, R. 1981. Ta'ape: What needs to be done? Workshop Proc. Paper 46, University
of Hawaii Sea Grant College Program, Honolulu. 31 pp.
Unknown
Dr. Anthony Russo
Leeward Community College
Field Surveryor
mailing address
96-045 Ala Ike
Pearl City
Hawaii
96782
USA
808-455-0282
trusso@pixi.com
FILE FORMATS:
All files given as MS WORD 97 documents and redundant text files.
./dat/1990:
WCF90.DOC Complete report in MS WORD format
wc90doc.txt text version of the report without tables
wc90tb01.doc
wc90tb01.txt TABLE 1. CORAL COVER IN SELECTED QUADRATS NEAR WAIANAE
OCEAN OUTFALL, OCTOBER 1990
wc90tb02.doc
wc90tb02.txt TABLE 2. FISH ABUNDANCE AT STATION WW TRANSECTS, NEAR
WAIANAE OCEAN OUTFALL, OAHU, HAWAII, OCTOBER 1990
./dat/1991:
WCF91.DOC Complete report in MS WORD format
wc91doc.txt text version of the report without tables
wc90to91.doc
wc90to91.txt TABLE 3. FISH ABUNDANCE AT STATION W2 TRANSECTS,
WAIANAE OCEAN OUTFALL, OAHU, HAWAII, 1990 AND 1991
wc91tb01.doc
wc91tb01.txt TABLE 1. CORAL COVER IN SELECTED QUADRATS,
WAIANAE OCEAN OUTFALL, OAHU, HAWAII, OCTOBER 1991
wc91tb02.doc
wc91tb02.txt TABLE 2. FISH ABUNDANCE AT STATION WW TRANSECTS,
WAIANAE OCEAN OUTFALL, OAHU, HAWAII, 1990 AND 1991
wc91tb04.doc
wc91tb04.txt TABLE 4. WATER-QUALITY PARAMETERS, WAIANAE OCEAN OUTFALL,
OAHU, HAWAII, OCTOBER 1991
./dat/1992:
WCF92.DOC Complete report in MS WORD format
wx92doc.txt text version of the report without tables
wc92tb01.doc
wc92tb01.txt TABLE 1. FISH ABUNDANCE (NOS./180 m2) AT STATION W2,
WAIANAE OCEAN OUTFALL SURVEY, OAHU, HAWAI
wc92tb02.doc
wc92tb02.txt TABLE 2. TOTAL CORAL COVER FOR SELECTED QUADRATS,
STATION W2, 1991 AND 1992, WAIANAE OCEAN OUTFALL SURVEY
wc92tb03.doc
wc92tb03.txt TABLE 3. FISH ABUNDANCE (NOS./180 m2) AT STATION W3,
1986 AND 1992, WAIANAE OCEAN OUTFALL SURVEY, OAHU, HAWAII
wc92tb04.doc
wc92tb04.txt TABLE 4. FISH ABUNDANCE AT STATION W4, WAIANAE OCEAN
OUTFALL SURVEY, OAHU, HAWAII, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1992
./dat/1993:
WCF93.DOC Complete report in MS WORD format
wc93doc.txt text version of the report without tables
wc93tb01.doc
wc93tb01.txt TABLE 1. Fish Abundance (no./180 m2) at Station W-2,
Waianae Ocean Outfall Survey, Oahu, Hawai1i, for
1988, 1991, 1992, and 1993
wc93tb02.doc
wc93tb02.txt TABLE 2. Total Coral Cover for Selected Quadrats at
Station W-2, Waianae Ocean Outfall Survey, Oahu, Hawaii,
for 1991, 1992, and 1993
wc93tb03.doc
wc93tb03.txt TABLE 3. Fish Abundance (no./transect) at Station W-3,
Waianae Ocean Outfall Survey, Oahu, Hawaii for 1986, 1992,
and 1993
./dat/1994:
WCF94.DOC Complete report in MS WORD format
wc94doc.txt text version of the report without tables
wc94tb01.doc
wc94tb01.txt TABLE 1. Total Coral Cover (%) for Selected Quadrats at
Station W-2, Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii,
for 1991 Through 1994
wc94tb02.doc
wc94tb02.txt TABLE 2. Fish Abundance (no./transect) at Station W-2,
Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1991 Through 1994
wc94tb03.doc
wc94tb03.txt TABLE 3. Fish Abundance (no./transect) at Station W-3,
Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1992, 1993, and 1994
wc94tb04.doc
wc94tb04.txt TABLE 4. Fish Abundance (no./transect) at Station WW,
Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1990, 1991, and 1994
./dat/1995:
WCF95.DOC Complete report in MS WORD format
wc95doc.txt text version of the report without tables
wc95tb01.doc
wc95tb01.txt TABLE 1. Total Coral Cover for Selected Quadrats at
Station W-2, Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii,
for 1991 Through 1995
wc95tb02.doc
wc95tb02.txt TABLE 2. Fish Abundance (no./transect) at Station W-2,
Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1991 Through 1995
wc95tb03.doc
wc95tb03.txt TABLE 3. Fish Abundance (no./transect) at Station W-3,
Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1992 Through 1995
wc95tb04.doc
wc95tb04.txt TABLE 4. Fish Abundance (no./transect) at Station WW,
Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1994 and 1995
./dat/1996:
WCF96.DOC Complete report in MS WORD format
wc96doc.txt text version of the report without tables
wc96tb01.doc
wc96tb01.txt TABLE 1. Fish Abundance (no./transect) at Station W-2,
Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1991 Through 1996
wc96tb02.doc
wc96tb02.txt TABLE 2. Total Coral Cover for Selected Quadrats at Station W-2,
Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawai for 1991 Through 1996
wc96tb03.doc
wc96tb03.txt TABLE 3. Fish Abundance (no./transect) at Station W-3,
Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1992 Through 1996
wc96tb04.doc
wc96tb04.txt TABLE 4. Fish Abundance (no./transect) at Station WW,
Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1994 and 1996
./dat/1997:
WCF97.DOC Complete report in MS WORD format
wc97doc.txt text version of the report without tables
wc97tb01.doc
wc97tb01.txt TABLE 1. Fish Abundance (no./transect) at Station W-2,
Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1991 Through 1997
wc97tb02.doc
wc97tb02.txt TABLE 2. Total Coral Cover for Selected Quadrats at Station W-2,
Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1991 Through 1997
wc97tb03.doc
wc97tb03.txt TABLE 3. Fish Abundance (no./transect) at Station W-3,
Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1992 Through 1997
wc97tb04.doc
wc97tb04.txt TABLE 4. Fish Abundance (no./transect) at Station WW,
Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1994 Through 1997
./dat/1998:
WCF98.DOC Complete report in MS WORD format
wc98doc.txt text version of the report without tables
wc98tb01.doc
wc98tb01.txt TABLE 1. Fish Abundance (no./transect) at Station W-2, Waianae
Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1991 Through 1998
wc98tb02.doc
wc98tb02.txt TABLE 2. Total Coral Cover for Selected Quadrats at Station W-2,
Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1991 Through 1998
wc98tb03.doc
wc98tb03.txt TABLE 3. Fish Abundance (no./transect) at Station W-3,
Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1992 Through 1998
wc98tb04.doc
wc98tb04.txt TABLE 4. Fish Abundance (no./transect) at Station WW,
Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1994 Through 1998
./dat/1999:
WCF99.DOC Complete report in MS WORD format
wc99doc.txt text version of the report without tables
wc99tb01.doc
wc99tb01.txt TABLE 1. Fish Abundance (no./transect) at Station W-2,
Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1991 Through 1999
wc99tb02.doc
wc99tb02.txt TABLE 2. Total Coral Cover for Selected Quadrats at Station W-2,
Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1991 Through 1999
wc99tb04.doc
wc99tb04.txt TABLE 4. Fish Abundance (no./transect) at Station WW,
Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for 1994 Through 1999
NOTE: the text version of the MS WORD tables is of the following form:
column header(s)
row header(s)
(row for each column header field)
additional row header(s)
(row for each column header field given above,
if a value is not given, then the respective row is blank)
additional row header(s)
....
....
For example, the text version of mo98tb6.doc starts out:
Transect
Parameter
T-1
T-2
T-3
T-4
T-5
No. of Algal Species
2
0
2
2
2
this would appear in the mo98tb6.doc file as:
Transect
Parameter T-1 T-2 T-3 T-4 T-5
No. of Algal Species 2 0 2 2 2
None
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