Dr. Eric K. Brown, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Department Of Oceanography, University Of Hawaii
Unknown
Monitoring of Coral Reef Ecosystems on Maui, Hawaii during 1989-1998 (NODC Accession 9900242)
https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/9900242
In an effort to detect spatial and temporal changes in the structure of the
coral reef community, coral coverage and reef fish density and diversity
were documented at selected sites along the Maui coastline using standard
transect methodology and SCUBA. Physical parameters examined included:
wave exposure, water motion, sedimentation levels and water quality
(temperature, salinity, and turbidity). Nine long-term monitoring sites have
been established since 1989.
The original intention of this project when we began in 1989 was to document
spatial and temporal changes at selected reef sites along the Maui coastline
in order to characterize the coral reef communities. Since that time we have
broadened our scope to examine causal factors that might help explain the
observed patterns in coral coverage and fish density. These factors have
been delineated into natural (temperature, visibility, salinity,
sediment influence, and wave exposure) and human-induced parameters (fish
feeding impacts, protection from fishing, proximity to elevated nutrient
levels from sewage, and overall human use patterns). In particular, we
are trying to address the issue of coral reef health, how to assess it,
and what factors contribute to the decline or recovery of a coral
reef ecosystem. Our specific objectives for the 1997 project are
outlined below.
1. Document coral species coverage and species richness in the daytime
at Honolua Bay, Kahekili Park, Puamana and Olowalu and compare data with
earlier baseline work to detect changes at each site over time.
2. Examine relative density and species richness of fish in the daytime
at Honolua Bay, Kahekili Park, Puamana and Olowalu and compare data with
earlier baseline work to detect changes at each site over time.
3. Analyze water quality characteristics (temperature, visibility and
salinity) at each dive site and examine temporal trends for these values.
4. Measure physical parameters (sediment influence and water motion) at
each of our dive sites to quantify the impact from these structuring factors.
5. Survey additional sites to characterize reef communities with
respect along an environmental gradient reflecting degree of wave exposure.
6. Investigate changes in the trophic composition of the fish communities
at Honolua Bay, Kahekili Park, Puamana and Olowalu.
NOAASupplemental:
Entry_ID: Unknown
Sensor_Name: visual census
Sensor_Name: SCUBA
Sensor_Name: hand-held thermometer
Sensor_Name: refractometer
Sensor_Name: secchi disk
Source_Name: Earthwatch and Pacific Whale Foundation
Originating_Center: University of Hawaii Storage_Medium: MS Access
Reference: None
Online_size: 24000 kilobytes
Resource Description: NODC Accession Number 9900242
19890625
19981110
ground condition
None Planned
-156.89
-156.425
21.02
20.6
NCEI Geoportal FilterCoRIS_Metadata
None
Coastal studies
biological survey
coral survey
Coral reef monitoring and assessment
Coral species and coverage
Fish species
Fish number sited
fish feeding
Physical observations
Water Temperature (deg C) at surface and bottom
Salinity (ppt) at surface and bottom
Visibility (m) at surface and bottom
Chemical measurements
Oxygen (ppm) at surface and bottom
pH at surface and bottom
Nitrate (umol) at surface and bottom
Phosphorus (umol) at surface and bottom
CoRIS Theme Thesaurus
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment
EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Marine Biology > Fish > Fish Census
EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Coastal Processes > Coral Reefs > Coral Reef Ecology > Coral Cover
EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Salinity/Density > Salinity
EARTH SCIENCE > Hydrosphere > Water Quality > Light Transmission > Visibility
EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Chemistry > Oxygen
EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Chemistry > Nitrate
EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Chemistry > Phosphorus
EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Chemistry > pH
CoRIS Discovery Thesaurus
Numeric Data Sets > Biology
ISO 19115 Topic Category
biota
002
environment
007
CoRIS Place Thesaurus
OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Hawaiian Islands > Maui Island > Maui Island (20N156W0004)
COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Maui > Maui Island (20N156W0004)
None
Pacific Ocean
Hawaii
Maui
Honolua
Puamana
Olowalu
Kahekili
Lahaina
Honokowai
Puamana
Maalaea
island of Lanai
Napili
Windmills
La Perouse
Puu Olai
Molokini
CoRIS Region
MHI
None
surface and benthic
None
Dataset credit required
Dr. Eric K. Brown
Kalaupapa National Historical Park
Principal Investigator
mailing address
PO Box 2222
Kalaupapa, Molokai
Hawaii
96742
USA
808-567-6802
Eric.Brown@nps.gov
Earthwatch and Pacific Whale Foundation
MS Access, MS Excel
see Process Step
The surveys were 100% complete
SAMPLING STATIONS:
Study Areas: The primary work area was within the waters bounded by the
islands of Maui, Kahoolawe and Lanai in the state of Hawaii. The
majority of the data was collected while SCUBA diving at relatively
shallow depths (less than 20m). Specific sites were selected on the basis
of prior surveys, levels of human use, accessibility and dive conditions.
Long term (since 1991) monitoring sites included Honolua Bay, Puamana,
and Olowalu. Water depths ranged from 3.2 meters at Honolua Bay during a
low tide to 13.4 meters at Puamana. Varying degrees of exposure to
physical parameters, terrestrial run-off and public use influences these areas.
SITE SITE Latitude Longitude
No. NAME (N) (W)
----- ------------------- -------- ---------
1.00, Honolua South 21 00.45 156 38.85 *
2.00, Honolua North 21 00.90 156 38.35
3.00, Maui Prince 20 38.90 156 27.00
4.00, Puamana Offshore 20 51.00 156 39.50 *
5.00, Puamana Nearshore 20 51.00 156 39.30
6.00, Olowalu Offshore 20 48.10 156 36.80 *
7.00, Olowalu Nearshore 20 48.30 156 36.45
8.00, Artificial reef 20 51.50 156 40.20
9.00, Kahekili Site 1 20 56.10 156 42.00
10.00, Kahekili Site 2 20 56.30 156 42.00 *
11.00, Kahekili Site 3 20 56.50 156 42.00 *
12.00, Lahaina Shores 20 51.85 156 40.45 *
13.00, Honokowai 20 57.00 156 42.65 *
14.00, Puamana 25.0 20 51.25 156 39.30 *
15.00, Airport - UH Algae 20 54.75 156 25.70 *
16.00, Maalaea - UH Algae 20 47.30 156 30.45 *
17.00, Club Lanai 20 50.38 156 48.88
18.00, Fish Rock - Lanai 20 44.40 156 53.36
19.00, Napili - UH Algae 20 59.85 156 40.40
20.00, Embassy - UH Algae 20 58.10 156 41.90
21.00, Five Graves 20 40.20 156 26.90
22.00, Drainpipe 20 46.90 156 33.00
23.00, Windmills 21 01.30 156 37.30
24.00, La Perouse 20 36.00 156 25.50
25.00, Puu Olai 20 38.70 156 27.10
26.00, Maalaea Harbor - In 20 47.20 156 30.45 *
27.00, Maalaea Harbor - Out 20 47.30 156 30.45
28.00, Coral Gardens 20 47.50 156 34.10
29.00, Molokini - East 20 38.00 156 29.30 *
30.00, Molokini - Center 20 38.00 156 29.45
31.00, Molokini - West 20 38.00 156 29.60 *
*Location estimated from navigational chart by NODC personnel.
All others were determined by Eric Brown using navigational charts.
SAMPLING PERIODS:
926 surveys between 25 June 1989 and 10 November 1998
through all seasons during daylight hours. Largest gap
in surveys is between 19 July 1989 and 06 October 1991
METHODOLOGY
All data were collected with assistance of SCUBA using several methods
for analyzing the coral reef habitat. Coral diversity and percent coverage
were examined using the quadrat method described by Reed (1980).
Modifications of the quadrat method have been used quite extensively in the
literature as a method to detect gross changes in the reef flat community
structure (Dahl, 1981; Coyer and Whitman, 1990).
The quadrat grid was 1m2 in area and consisted of 1 inch PVC tubing fitted
with nylon line spaced 10 centimeters apart to form a grid with 81
intersections. Each quadrat was placed on the substrate and spaced 10
meters apart on a single 50 meter transect line from a underwater reference
mark (Prior to 1994 we used a 100 meter transect line). The 50 meter
transect line, consisted of 1/4-inch diameter nylon rope that was
marked at 1-meter intervals with weights every 10 meters. Placement of the
quadrats was predetermined before each dive so that at least 20% of each
transect was mapped during the season. Different species of coral as well
as the substrate type found underneath each intersection was recorded on
underwater slates. Coral species were identified using Reef and Shore Fauna
of Hawaii, Section 1: Protozoa Through Ctenophora by Maragos (1977).
Fish population density and diversity were censused using a modified Brock
transect method (Brock, 1954). It is generally recognized that conducting
visual transects using SCUBA gear is one of the most effective ways to
assess fish populations over nearshore, rocky intertidal or shallow reef
habitats where collecting gear such as nets cannot be employed readily
(Dewees, 1981; Bortone and Kimmel, 1991). Visual census techniques are
advantageous because they do not disturb the habitat and are minimally
disruptive to the organisms. The most severe limitation of visual
estimates is underestimation of real abundance and diversity patterns.
This is due in part to the cryptic nature of reef dwellers and the
structural complexity of the reef ecosystem (Bortone and Kimmel, 1991).
Therefore, emphasis in this report is placed on relative patterns at
each of the selected sites over time.
Three 50-meter lines were laid out in a parallel arrangement,
separated by 5 meter intervals which created two sample areas each 250m2.
These lines were spooled out from the same underwater reference point
used for the quadrat work. A 10 meter rope tethered to the two end divers
was used to maintain the correct width for the transect area. The third
diver swam in the center and laid out the dividing transect line while
maintaining a compass heading. After the lines were positioned, the
researchers returned to the start of the transect and allowed 10 minutes
for the fish to acclimate. Two divers then proceeded down each corridor
of the transect, and recorded the number of every species of fish seen.
Data were tabulated on an underwater slate using common names. All
fish identifications were standardized using the Guide to Hawaiian Reef
Fishes by Randall (1985) and Shore Fishes of Hawaii by Randall (1996).
Morning and afternoon samples were collected for each day of diving.
After each dive, the data were transcribed from the underwater
slates into a notebook for later computer entry.
Water quality characteristics at each site included; temperature, salinity,
and turbidity (visibility). Temperature was measured using a handheld
thermometer in the field. Water samples were collected and later analyzed
for salinity using a refractometer. Horizontal visibility was measured using
a secchi disk (diameter ~ 40cm) stretched between 2 divers at
both the surface and bottom.
Physical parameters such as sedimentation and water motion have been
monitored at the 4 long-term core areas since 1996. Sedimentation was
measured using 6 sediment traps at each site. Each trap consisted of a
2" X 6" PVC tube capped at one end and placed on the bottom in planter
trays that were anchored to the substrate. Sediment traps were exchanged
once a month and then filtered, dried and weighed to determine quantity
of sediment collected in mg/cm 2 /day. The water motion experiments
were conducted by measuring the rate of dissolution for plaster of
Paris clod cards in the field against a set of control cards in buckets
not subjected to water movement. Preweighed clod cards are deployed
once a month for a 6-hour time interval at each site and later dried
and reweighed to calculate the dissolution rate.
Data analysis consisted of computer entry into MS-Access, indexed by survey
number for all of the parameters measured. Thus, each survey contained
information on coral coverage, fish density, physical parameters and trophic
structure.
INSTRUMENT TYPES:
1) Temperature was measured using a hand-held thermometer in the field.
2) Water samples were collected and later analyzed for salinity using
a refractometer.
3) Horizontal visibility was measured using a secchi disk (diameter ~ 40cm)
REFERENCES:
Bortone, S.A. and J.J. Kimmel, 1991. Environmental assessment and monitoring
of artificial habitats. In: Artificial Habitats For Marine and Freshwater
Fisheries. Ed. W. Seaman, Jr. and L.M. Sprague. Academic Press, Inc. 177-236.
Brock, V.E., 1954. A preliminary report on a method for estimating reef
fish populations. Journ. Wild. Management. 18 (3): 297-308.
Coyer, J. and J. Witman, 1990. The Underwater Catalog. A Guide to Methods
in Underwater Research. Shoals Marine Laboratory.
Dahl, A. L., 1981. Monitoring Coral Reefs for Urban Impact, Bulletin of
Marine Science, 31(3):544-551.
Dewees, C.M., (Ed) 1981. Guidelines for Marine Ecological Surveys: Nekton.
Sea Grant California, Marine Advisory Publication.
Maragos, J.E., 1977. Order Scleractinia, stony corals. In:Reef and Shore
Fauna of Hawai'i, Section 1: Protozoa Through Ctenophora. B.P. Bishop
Museum Spec. Pub. 64 (1):158-241.
Randall, J.R., 1985. Guide to Hawai'ian Reef Fishes. Harrowood Books,
Newton Square, PA.
Randall, J.R., 1996. Shore Fishes of Hawai'i. Natural World Press, Vida, OR.
Reed, A.S., 1980. Sampling and Transecting Techniques on Tropical Reef
Substrates. pp. 71-89. In: Environmental survey techniques for coastal
water assessment. Conference Proceedings. University of Hawai'i Sea
Grant College program. Cooperative Report UNIHI-SEAGRANT-CR-80-01.
Unknown
Dr. Eric K. Brown
Kalaupapa National Historical Park
Principal Investigator
mailing address
PO Box 2222
Kalaupapa, Molokai
Hawaii
96742
USA
808-567-6802
Eric.Brown@nps.gov
FILE FORMATS:
Database provided as MicroSoft Access (version 97). NODC LO
extracted tables as both MS Excel97 and ASCII text (comma-delimited)
files.
subdirectory nodcmeta/
size filename comment
12599 mauicr_pcc.meta NODC metadata form
subdirectory doc/
size filename comment
75104 Earth98.htm HTML, Saving Maui's Reefs by Eric Brown
851742 Earth98.ps PostScript, same
37171 Earth98.txt ASCII text, same
subdirectory data/
subdirectory access/
size filename comment
9062400 Reef.mdb MS Access database (total dataset)
(fields in tables described below)
subdirectory excel97/ "MS Excel97 extractions by NODC LO"
subdirectory queries/
size filename comment
12560896 Pat_all_fish_coral.xls species counts
112128 Pat_fish_feed.xls fish behavior
153088 Pat_physical.xls physical data
subdirectory tables/ "Tables as defined by originator"
size filename comment
86528 DiveMaster.xls when,where,who
11776 Location.xls where
6589952 RunDetail.xls transect,observer,quadrant
764416 RunDetail_ExportErrors.xls uncertain
10240 RunDetailtemplate.xls uncertain
9728 Survey.xls uncertain
830976 TransectRuns.xls species counts, etc
10240 TransectRunstemplate.xls uncertain
78336 feeding.xls fish behavior
108544 physc_data.xls physical data
47104 speciescode.xls description of species codes
Subdirectory txt/ "mirrors subdirectory excel97/ except
all ASCII text files delimited by commas
and with filename extensions as *.txt"
MS ACCESS DATABASE DESCRIPTION- file: Reef.mdb
Tables (* denotes keywords):
Table_Name Field_name
------------------ -------------------------------------------------
DiveMaster Survey* (number), Date, Location* (code), Time
Location Location* (code), Dive site (name)
TransectRuns TransectRunId (number)*, Survey*, Transect,
Qlocation, Observer, Run/Quadrat
RunDetail ID, TransectRunId*, Sp Code*, Number, SumofRun, p, logp
Species Codes Sp Code*, Common Name, Species Name, Family, Two
Letter Code, Trophic, Mobility, Endemic
Fish Feed Survey*, Transect, Surface/Bottom, Seen/Feed, Sand/Food,
Sp Code, Observer
Physical Data Survey*, Transect, Temp-Surf (deg C), Temp-Bott (deg C),
Sal-Surf (ppt), Sal-Bott (ppt), Vis-Surf (m), Vis-Bott (m),
Oxy-Surf (ppm), Oxy-Bott (ppm), pH-Surf, pH-Bott,
Nit-Surf (umol), Nit-Bott (umol), Phos-Surf (umol),
Phos-Bott (umol)
Codes:
1) Trophic: (H,D, Z, Sl, P, MI, C, Sl/O)
H= Herbivore, D=Detrivore, Z=Zooplanktivore, SI=Sessile Invertebrate,
P=Piscivore, MI=Mobile Invertebrate, C=Coralivore, SI/O=Sessile
Invertebrate/Omnivore
2) Endemic (E:endemic, N: not endemic, Y/N: both categories)
3) Mobility (R, S1, S2, T)
These are mobility guilds set up by Jim Parrish and Alan Friedlander (1997).
R = residents
S1= semi-vagile species type I with mobility of 10's m
S2= semi-vagile species type II with mobility of 100's m
T= transients
EXTRACTIONS FROM THE MS ACESS DATABASE
1) Pat_all_fish_coral (.xls or .txt)
Field 1: survey number
Field 2: survey date, ignore the 0:00:00
Field 3: ignore 12/30/99, but following number is time in
Hawaiian Standard Time, e.g. 9:32:00
Field 4: location code
Field 5: location name (dive site)
Field 6: Transect
Field 7: Qlocation (These are locations along the transect line where
the Quadrat was placed. For example, 56L would refer
to meter 56 on the left side of the line when starting
from the 0 meter reference mark.)
Field 8: Observer (initials)
Field 9: Run/Quadrat
Field 10: Species Code (see /data/txt/tables/speciescode.txt)
Field 11: Number of Species sited
Field 12: SumofRun@
Field 13: p@
Field 14: logp@
@These fields are used to generate values for the Shannon-Wiener diversity
index and evenness using an update query.
2) Pat_fish_feed (.xls or .txt)
Field 1: survey number
Field 2: survey date, ignore the 0:00:00
Field 3: ignore 12/30/99, but following number is time in
Hawaiian Standard Time, e.g. 9:32:00
Field 4: location code
Field 5: location name (dive site)
Field 6: Transect
Field 7: Surface/Bottom (1:surface 0:bottom)
Field 8: Seen/Feed (1:seen 0:feed)
Field 9: Sand/Food (1:sand 0:food)
Field 10: Species Code (see /data/txt/tables/speciescode.txt)
Field 11: Observer (initials)
3) Pat_physical (.xls or .txt)
Field 1: survey number
Field 2: survey date, ignore the 0:00:00
Field 3: ignore 12/30/99, but following number is time in
Hawaiian Standard Time, e.g. 9:32:00
Field 4: location code
Field 5: location name (dive site)
Field 6: Transect
Field 7: Temp-Surf (deg C)
Field 8: Temp-Bott (deg C)
Field 9: Sal-Surf (ppt)
Field 10: Sal-Bott (ppt)
Field 11: Vis-Surf (m)
Field 12: Vis-Bott (m)
Field 13: Oxy-Surf (ppm)
Field 14: Oxy-Bott (ppm)
Field 15: pH-Surf
Field 16: pH-Bott
Field 17: Nit-Surf (umol)
Field 18: Nit-Bott (umol)
Field 19: Phos-Surf (umol)
Field 20: Phos-Bott (umol)
None
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Downloadable Data
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MS Excel, and ACSII CSV
https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/9900242
Prices vary depending on data set, output medium and ordering mechanism. A standard handling charge, with additional costs for special handling, may be added to the basic cost of the data.
Prepayment by check, money order or bank card is required. Orders may be placed via fax, email, regular mail, telephone or via the NNDC Online Store.
20210106
20100113
Mr. Patrick C. Caldwell
NOAA/NESDIS/NODC/NCDDC
Hawaii/US Pacific Liaison
mailing
1000 Pope Road, MSB 316
Dept. of Oceanography
University of Hawaii at Manoa
Honolulu
Hawaii
96822
USA
(808)-956-4105
(808) 956-2352
caldwell@hawaii.edu
8 AM to 5 PM weekdays
check services@nodc.noaa.gov if not available
FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata
FGDC-STD-001-1998
20100113041704
None
19890625
19981110
https://www.coris.noaa.gov/metadata/records/html/nodc_9900242.html
4428