Dr. Paul Jokiel
Dr. Kuulei Rodgers
Mr. Eric Brown
Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology
Department Of Oceanograhpy
School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology
University Of Hawaii
Unknown
Digital Still Transect Images from the Hawaii Coral Reef Assessment and Monitoring Program (CRAMP): Data from 2004 (NODC Accession 0037908)
https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0037908
This dataset consists of video transect images (JPG files) from
CRAMP surveys taken in 2004 at 6 sites, some of which had
multiple depths. Digital images are important for future researchers
to resolve any question about how the image data were interpreted for
the quantitative database, to provide the opportunity to re-analyze the
images using other methods, and to return to the same locations for
future comparisons.
To understand the ecology of Hawaiian coral reefs in relation to other
geographic areas and to monitor change at each given site.
NOAASupplemental:
Entry_ID: Unknown
Sensor_Name: digital camera
Source_Name: SCUBA
Project_Campaign: Coral Reef Assessment and Monitoring Program (CRAMP)
Originating_Center: Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology
Storage_Medium: JPEG images
Reference: None
Online_size: 3.3 gigabytes
mm/dd/yy
SITE LAT LONG DEPTH ISLAND SITE 2004
CODE (M) NAME DATE DIRECTORY
KaHan03m 22 12.656 159 30.727 3.00 Kauai Hanalei 9/6/04 04KaHan
KaHan08m 22 12.703 159 30.721 8.00 Kauai Hanalei 9/6/04 04KaHan
KaLim01m 22 13.489 159 34.755 1.00 Kauai Limahuli 9/7/04 04KaLim
KaLim10m 22 13.544 159 34.755 10.00 Kauai Limahuli 9/7/04 04KaLim
MoKma03m 21 04.179 157 00.014 3.00 Molokai Kamilioloa 3/12/04 2004 Kamiloloa
MoKma10m 21 04.090 157 00.055 10.00 Molokai Kamilioloa 3/12/04 2004 Kamiloloa
MoKmo03m 21 02.496 156 53.837 3.00 Molokai Kamalo 3/10/04 2004 Kamalo
MoKmo10m 21 02.248 156 53.854 10.00 Molokai Kamalo 3/10/04 2004 Kamalo
MoPal03m 21 05.352 157 06.460 3.00 Molokai Palaau 3/11/04 2004 Palaau
MoPal10m 21 05.223 157 06.510 10.00 Molokai Palaau 3/11/04 2004 Palaau
OHk 21 26.884 157 48.548 5-12 Oahu Hawaii Kai 2004 04OHK
Resource Description: NODC Accession Number 0037908
200403
200409
ground condition
Unknown
-159.57925
-156.89728
22.22573
21.03746
NCEI Geoportal FilterCoRIS_Metadata
None
Coastal studies
Coral reef monitoring and assessment
substrate type
coral reef species
still digital images
CoRIS Discovery Thesaurus
Visual Images > Habitats
ISO 19115 Topic Category
environment
007
biota
002
CoRIS Theme Thesaurus
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Photographic Analysis
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Aquatic Habitat > Benthic Habitat
CoRIS Place Thesaurus
COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Hawaii > Kauai Island (22N159W0001)
OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Hawaiian Islands > Kauai Island > Kauai Island (22N159W0001)
OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Hawaiian Islands > Oahu Island > Oahu (21N157W0003)
COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Honolulu > Oahu (21N157W0003)
COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Hawaii > Molokai Island (21N157W0001)
OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Hawaiian Islands > Molokai Island > Molokai Island (21N157W0001)
CoRIS Region
MHI
None
Pacific Ocean
Oahu
Kauai
Molokai
None
Benthic
None
Dataset credit required
Dr. Paul Jokiel
Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology
University of Hawaii
Principal Investigator
mailing address
P.O. Box 1346
Kaneohe
Hawaii
96744
USA
808-236-7440
jokiel@hawaii.edu
Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative,National Ocean Service,United States Geological Survey,State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Aquatic Resources,Kahoolawe Island Reserve Commission,United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Coastal Program,Limahuli National Botanical Garden,Save Our Seas
JPEG images
see Process Step
The 2004 surveys were 100% complete
CRAMP Protocol
One of the major objectives of the CRAMP program during the first year was to
establish a sampling protocol that could detect change in coral cover over
time with sufficient statistical power (P>0.8). The first step involved the
evaluation of historical methods to determine if any of these procedures
could be incorporated into the CRAMP protocol. After careful analysis it was
determined that only the fixed photoquadrats utilized by Dr. Steve Coles at
Bishop Museum had sufficient power. The method, which samples a relatively
small area, is suitable to address small-scale questions on coral growth,
recruitment and mortality, but inference on general reef condition is
difficult across broader sections of reef.
The second step involved soliciting input from colleagues conducting coral
reef monitoring programs in the Florida Keys and the Great Barrier Reef.
Their general recommendation was to use digital video to sample coral cover
over large areas of the reef. Before we could implement their designs,
however, we had to evaluate the appropriateness of these techniques for
Hawai'i. The following parameters in the sampling design were determined in
the third step:
1.Repeatability and appropriate length of the transects using different
methods
2.Observer variation within different methods
3.Number of points per frame to analyze
4.Number of frames per transect to analyze
5.Number of transects per depth to sample
6.Random versus fixed transects
7.Time and monetary considerations to optimize sampling design
The results of this evaluation were presented at the National Coral Reef
Institute Conference in Florida and are summarized by the CRAMP research team
(Brown, et al. 1999). Repeatability and appropriate transect length were
tested using photoquadrats on a transect line sampled over a short time
interval. Shorter transects of 10m were found to have higher precision
(Ability to replicate quadrats on a transect) than transects of 25m and 50m.
Photoquadrats produced similar results to visual estimation techniques,
regardless of observer, but neither method yielded satisfactory precision.
Digital video was evaluated at Hanauma Bay, Oahu over 2 time intervals
separated by 84 days. It was assumed that overall coral cover would not
change dramatically during this time period. Power curves were constructed
using methods described by Zar (1999) for detecting a 10% change in coral
cover across 2 time periods (Figure 1). Number of frames was more important
in increasing power than number of points though the difference was not
substantial. This is primarily due to the fact that more frames sample a
larger portion of the habitat, which incorporates more of the heterogeneity
of the substrate. A sample size of 10 transects per site appeared to be
adequate for characterizing the coral cover using a power value of 0.8 set as
a convention by Cohen (1988).
Digital still images replaced the video images in 2004.
Fixed transects were chosen over random for several reasons. First, it is
difficult to properly implement a randomized protocol for transect placement
without a map of benthic habitats that is geo-referenced. At present this
does not exist for the state of Hawai'i. Second, the majority of the
historical data uses fixed transect locations so integrating the current
protocol with previous work will be simpler. Third, after the initial random
setup the fixed transects should be easier to resample, thus reducing
preparation time and ultimately costs to generate the random grid for
subsequent transect measurements (Green and Smith, 1997). Fourth, randomized
sampling of transects will have difficulty in detecting change in coral cover
if reefs change dramatically over time. This is because the random protocol
measures inherent spatial variation at each sampling period, which adds
variance associated with spatial heterogeneity of the reef rather than
changes or patterns that are time-related (Green and Smith, 1997). Fifth,
using a repeated measures ANOVA design with fixed transects can provide
additional information on population and community structure that is
difficult to obtain with random transects (Hughes, 1996; Connell et al.
1997). Sixth, the time and cost complications with random transects are not
worth the broader inference about reef "condition" especially if the fixed
transects are representative of habitat variation (Andy Taylor, personal
communication). Finally, interpreting results from fixed transects is much
easier for the general public and resource managers to comprehend than using
a randomized sampling design.
Time and monetary constraints were examined to determine the optimum sampling
protocol. The analysis revealed that digital video collected more data per
unit time than visual estimation, planar point intercept and photoquadrats.
It was the most expensive option considered at $5,500 for the system but
since field time underwater is the principal limiting factor then the
quantity of field data collected outweighs the expense. In addition, digital
video and photoquadrats also enable archiving of the data for later
re-analysis to address additional questions.
Based on the results from the evaluation procedure we have selected 2 methods
to address changes in overall coral cover and growth, recruitment and
mortality of benthic organisms. Digital video will be used to measure changes
in coral cover by initially selecting at random, ten permanent (fixed)
transects at 2 depths (3m and 10m). Each transect will be 10m in length and
analyzed using 20 randomly selected video frames with 50 randomly selected
points per frame. Frequency of sampling will be once a year at each site.
This should be sufficient to detect a 10% change in coral cover over time
with high statistical power across of variety of habitats in Hawai'i.
The second method will employ fixed photoquadrats to examine trends of
individual organisms with regards to growth, recruitment and mortality. Five
haphazardly selected photoquadrats at each depth contour will be established
with 4 pins at each corner to ensure accurate repositioning of the frame. The
frame dimension will sample 0.33 m2 of the substrate at a height of 0.5m from
the bottom. Images of sessile organisms will be traced and digitized for 2D
estimates of aerial coverage. Sampling will be scheduled once a year at each
site in concordance with the digital video surveys.
Site Survey Protocol
Two types of protocol are utilized by CRAMP: Monitoring Protocol and
Assessment Protocol. This submission to NOAA only includes data taken
using the Monitoring Protocol. The Assessment Protocol is simply an
abbreviated version of the Monitoring Protocol. The Assessment Protocol
is a rapid method that is most useful for describing spatial relationships.
The Assessment Protocol lacks the statistical power of the Monitoring
Protocol to detect change in the benthos. The Assessment Protocol is a more
cost-effective method for answering certain questions on the status of coral
reefs.
Monitoring Protocol - General Description
Installing the fixed monitoring sites is a process that was generally
completed by a team of six divers during a single dive. All primary sites
have been installed. The initial monitoring of a given site was generally
initiated at some time after installation. More detail on installation is
discussed under the section on Benthic Monitoring. Upon reaching an
established monitoring site site a number of tasks must be performed. CRAMP
generally surveys one site (3 m and 10 m transect locations at each site)
per day with a team of 6 divers. The deeper site is surveyed in the morning,
the shallow site in the afternoon after a proper surface interval. The
beginning of the transect is located by visual lineups and/or GPS by skin
divers and marked with a dive flag to alert boaters of our presence and
enable quick location by the divers. Subsequent SCUBA teams entering the
water take materials needed for the survey (spooled transect tapes, rugosity
chain, video camera, photo-quadrat apparatus, extra marker pins, etc) and
deposit the material near the start of the transect for use by the teams
during the dive.
The first SCUBA team to enter the water consists of two divers: the person
doing the fish survey and a back-up diver who stays within visual range and
photographs the fixed photo-quadrats as the fish survey proceeds. Estimates
of fish species richness, abundance, and biomass are taken before the
benthic transect lines are laid out so as to sample a relatively undisturbed
habitat. The standard CRAMP fish transect is taken along a depth contour
within the CRAMP grid of benthic transects, and consists of four, 5x25m
transects that are separated by 5m. The scientist doing the fish survey
counts fish while deploying a 25 m line behind him/her. As the survey
proceeds, two more SCUBA divers enter the water. One of the pair starts
video taping the replicate benthic transects while the second deploys the
transect tapes and records species information on the corals/algae located
along each transect for later reference. The third team of two divers
follows the video transect team and measures rugosity under the replicate
transects. Upon completion of the fish transect, the first dive team
completes the photo-quadrats. As other teams complete their work they
return to the start of the transect and begin taking up the transect tapes.
During the survey, various divers complete additional functions. These
include taking sediment samples, stabilizing or replacing lose transect
pins, routine photography of organisms, description of habitats, making
algae collections or various activities.
The same procedure is carried out at the shallow site during the afternoon.
In addition, at various times of the day (depending on time availability)
two members of the group will skin dive with a dive flag and water proof GPS
unit while describing and recording habitat distribution throughout the
study site for later mapping efforts.
Benthic Monitoring
The basic unit for long term CRAMP monitoring is a 100 m x 3 m transect
corridor that follows a depth contour. The transect is divided into a grid
of 1 m intervals along its length by 0.5 m intervals along its width.
Stainless steel pins are driven along the length of the central line or
"spine" (shown in yellow on diagram below) to serve as the reference point
for installation of the 10 transects and five photoquadrats. The spine pins
are marked by slipping a short length of plastic tubing over the pin to
identify the pin as a "spine" pin. In addition, the first spine pin (0 m)
is marked with a single cable tie, the fifth pin (50 m) is marked with two
cable ties and the tenth pin (100 m) is marked with three cable ties.
Digital Image Transect Method:
1. Field Recording
Data are taken using a digital waterproof cameras. 20 digital images
are taken on each of the 10 transects of each line, or 200 per survey.
The photographer follows the following procedure:
While on the surface, the diver photographs the landmark "line-ups" used
to locate the site. These serve to identify the tape if there is any
question of proper labeling. Also, the images can be subsequently printed
and laminated for use when relocating the site. In many
cases the use of landmarks is faster and more convenient than using the GPS
position to relocate the transect site. The diver then goes to the bottom
and videotapes a full 360 degree panorama of the site as part of the
permanent image record. The diver proceeds to the start of the first 10 m
transect and records the transect number on the video through use of hand
signals in front of the camera (number of fingers representing transect
no.). The photographer then moves slowly (4 min per transect) along the 10 m
transect while filming the bottom at a distance of 0.5 m. Initially a
rod attached to the camera was used to insure proper distance from the
bottom. This has been replaced with two small underwater lasers that cross
at 0.5 m, allowing the photographer to hold the distance constant by keeping
an overlap on the two red laser dots. Each of the 10 transects along the 100
m spine line is recorded in this manner.
Brown, E, E Cox, B Tissot, K Rodgers, and W Smith (1999). Evaluation of
benthic sampling methods considered for the Coral Reef Assessment and
Monitoring Program (CRAMP) in Hawaii. International Conference on
Scientific Aspects of Coral Reef Assessment, Monitoring, and Restoration.
April 14-16, Ft. Lauderdale, FL.
Connell, J H, T P Hughes, C C Wallace (1997). A 30-year study of coral abundance,
recruitment, and disturbance at several scales in space and time. Ecol. Mono.
67(4): 461-488.
Friedlander, Alan and Parrish, James 1998. Habitat characteristics
affecting fish assemblages on a Hawaiian coral reef. Journal of Experimental
Marine Biology and Ecology 224: 1-30.
Green, R H and S R Smith (1997). Sample program design and environmental impact
assessment on coral reef. Proc 8th International Coral Reef Symposium.
2: 1459-1464.
McCormick, Mark 1994. Comparison of field methods for measuring surface
topography and their associations with a tropical reef fish assemblage.
Marine Ecology Progress Series 112: 87-96.
Unknown
Dr. Paul Jokiel
Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology
University of Hawaii
Principal Investigator
mailing address
P.O. Box 1346
Kaneohe
Hawaii
96744
USA
808-236-7440
jokiel@hawaii.edu
Original data received as JPEG files.
Data organized in directory data/
See table above to match site with directory.
filename convention:
site_code+tt+fff.tif
where
site_code: (see #SAMPLING STATIONS: above in documentation)
(2-digit year + 2-char island + 3-char site + 3-char depth)
tt: transect number (2 digits) and
fff: frame number (3 digits)
None
NOAA/NESDIS/National Oceanographic Data Center
Data Access Group, User Services Team
mailing and physical
SSMC-3 Fourth Floor
1315 East West Highway
Silver Spring
MD
20910-3282
USA
301-713-3277
301-713-3302
services@nodc.noaa.gov
8am-5pm, Monday through Friday
Downloadable Data
NOAA makes no warranty regarding these data,expressed or implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA, NESDIS, NODC and NCDDC cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data, nor as a result of the failure of these data to function on a particular system.
jpg
https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0037908
Prices vary depending on data set, output medium and ordering mechanism. A standard handling charge, with additional costs for special handling, may be added to the basic cost of the data.
Prepayment by check, money order or bank card is required. Orders may be placed via fax, email, regular mail, telephone or via the NNDC Online Store.
20210106
20090323
Mr. Patrick C. Caldwell
NOAA/NESDIS/NODC/NCDDC
Hawaii/US Pacific Liaison
mailing
1000 Pope Road, MSB 316
Dept. of Oceanography
University of Hawaii at Manoa
Honolulu
Hawaii
96822
USA
(808)-956-4105
(808) 956-2352
caldwell@hawaii.edu
8 AM to 5 PM weekdays
check services@nodc.noaa.gov if not available
FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata
FGDC-STD-001-1998
20090323012755
None
20040301
20040931
https://www.coris.noaa.gov/metadata/records/html/nodc_fgdcmetadata_0037908.html
2660