Since 1990, biota of the coral reef ecosystems have been annualy monitored at stations located at and in the vicinity of the Waianae Ocean Sewage Outfall. NODC Accession 0000794 contains surveys of 1990-1998. This new update includes surveys from years 2004-2010. Data from 1999 to 2003 have not been released. Fish census data 2004-2010 are provided in a MS Excel spreadsheet. Macroinvertebrate data 2009-2010 are provided in JMP Data Tables. Coral and substrate data 2003-2010 are provided in tables within a Adobe Acrobat (PDF) document.
Determine the status of the marine resources in the vicinity of the discharge in an effort to quantitatively ascertain if any impacts are occurring to the coral reef biota.
NOAASupplemental: Entry_ID: Unknown Sensor_Name: SCUBA Project_Campaign: Coral and Fish Assemblages Adjacent to the Waianae Outfall Originating_Center: Water Resources Research Center, Univ. Hawaii Storage_Medium: MS 2007 Excel,JMP Data Tables Reference: None Online_size: 1,581 kbytes Resource Description: NODC Accession 0084515 Additional data for this site is available from NODC Accession 0000794 (https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0000794)
ground condition
Dataset credit required
1088 Bishop Street, Suite 1225
Department of Environmental Services, City and County of Honolulu, Water Resources Research Center, University Of Hawaii at Manoa, Environmental Assessment, LLC, Anthony Russo Consulting
see methodology
quality control completed
SAMPLING STATIONS: See Figure 1 in ../data/1-data/Waianae2010 Coral and Fish FINAL-01.pdf Station W-2 is located 1.2 km south of the zone of initial dilution (ZID) on the deck of the sunken ship Mahi at a depth of approximately 30 m. The area is one of the prime sites to which local dive shops take their tourist customers. It is known for its clear water and abundance of marine life. Station W-3 is located at the middle of the diffuser at a depth of approximately 30 m. The 42-inch (1.06-m) diameter diffuser pipe is buried in the sediment and covered with tremie concrete. Discharge is through risers projecting vertically from the pipe. Surrounding sediments consist of coarse carbonate sands. Station WW is located 1 km offshore on the effluent pipeline at a depth of approximately 8 m. Two transects, one approximately 20 m north of the pipeline (Transect Alpha) and the other on the pipeline (Transect Beta), were set up at this station. The outfall pipe is covered with tremie concrete and surrounded by large armor rock boulders. Transect Alpha lies on flat limestone substratum and Transect Beta on the armor rock covering the pipeline. Both transects are approximately 20 m long and run perpendicular to shore. With authorization from the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR), Station WW became a permanent station in 1994; it was established to monitor, temporally, any inshore movement of effluent discharged from the outfall. Transect Alpha was monitored in 1990 and 1991, although its monitoring was not then a requirement of DLNR. It was not monitored in 1992 or 1993 because of destruction of transects by Hurricane Iniki in September 1992. A new Transect Alpha was established in 1994. In late April 1995, the CCH Oceanographic Team found the 2-inch (5.08-cm) diameter transect wire at Transect Alpha to be damaged and large sections moved or altogether gone from the area. It is not certain whether this was due to natural causes (wave action) or other causes (vandalism, anchor dragging). The transect wire was replaced on 8 and 9 May 1995 by the CCH team. Station Z is located in the fish-haven habitat established by DLNR 1.0 km southeast of the outfall diffuser at a depth of approximately 16 m. The substrate is flat limestone and rubble with coral growth. Two transect lines, each 25 m long, are spaced 27 m apart and positioned perpendicular to shore. These were permanently placed near artificial reefs, which make up part of the fish-haven habitat, and near a ledge that drops off to 23 m depth. This station was set up in 2003 roughly 300 m east of the old station W-2, which was on the sunken ship Mahi. Because of dangerous shifting and corrision of the ship it was deemed unsafe to continue diving on the wreck for future coral transect and fish counts. There is no spatial control station in this study; the stations selected are all located at different depths and differ in bottom type and relief. At the chosen stations, relief is provided by artificial structures (i.e., the diffuser, sunken ship, and armor rock). Because of the uniqueness of each station, comparisons cannot be made among stations for coral and fish abundance and species richness. Only year-to-year comparisons of survey data obtained at the same station can be made. METHODOLOGY: background: ----------- The City and County of Honolulu's conservation district use permit for installation of a wastewater outfall pipe at Waianae, Oahu, Hawaii, was approved subject to several conditions (Board of Land and Natural Resources letter to the City, 11/15/83; ref. no. CPO-844, file no. OA-4/11/83-1541). Among the conditions was the requirement that, in the vicinity of the outfall diffuser, fishery stocks be censused annually after the first year of discharge and benthic organisms be monitored photographically annually. The Waianae Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) is a secondary treatment system which discharges an average of 3.2 million gallons per day (0.14 m3/s) of mainly domestic wastewater through an outfall 6,000 feet (1.8 km) offshore at a diffuser depth of approximately 110 feet (33 m). The diffuser is 531 feet (161.8 m) long and discharges at approximately 1.5 feet (0.5 m) above the seafloor through vertical risers. Researchers from the University of Hawaii and oceanographic personnel from the City and County of Honolulu Department of Wastewater Management collaborated in a scuba survey of the marine community near the Waianae Ocean Outfall. materials and methods: ---------------------- At all stations fish counts were made along the permanent 25 m transects by divers equipped with scuba (Brock 1982). Fishes were counted along the transect as the diver first swam up the line looking 3 m to the right and then swam down the line looking 3 m to the right. Year-to-year comparisons of fish abundance, diversity, and species composition are made for each station using similarity indices (Cochran's [1950] Q-test). As discrepancies will occur because of differences in technique and capability among observers, beginning in 2004 the same diver/observer (R. Brock) has performed the fish counts annually. Estimates of coral cover on selected permanent quadrats at station Z were made using bottom photography and subsequent projection of the photos on a grid. The percentage of coral cover was estimated by total area cover (estimated within a grid) of the indicated coral species relative to the total area of the quadrat. At station Z the percentage cover of selected quadrats containing coral was compared between years 2009 and 2010 using a paired t-test (Daniel 1987, Sokal and Rohlf 1995). Besides counting the individuals of all fishes seen, the length of each fish is estimated for later use in the determination of the fish biomass using linear regression techniques (Ricker 1975). Species-specific regression coefficients have been developed over the last thirty years by the author (Brock) and others at the University of Hawaii, the Naval Undersea Center (see Evans 1974), and the Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources from weight and body measurements of captured fishes; for many species the coefficients have been developed using sample sizes in excess of a hundred individuals. The presence or absence of any macroinvertebrates was also recorded for all three stations. INSTRUMENT TYPES: -SCUBA -Visual census REFERENCES: Brock, R.E. 1982. A critique on the visual census method for assessing coral reef fish populations. Bull. Mar. Sci. 32:269-276. Cochran, W.G. 1950. The comparison of percentages in matched samples. Biometrika 3:22-38. Daniel, W.W. 1987. Biostatistics: A foundation for analysis in the health sciences. New York: Wiley and Sons. Evans, E.C., ed. 1974. Pearl Harbor biological survey:final report. Report No. NUC-TN1128. Honolulu: Naval Undersea Center Hawaii Laboratory. Ricker, W.E. 1975. Computation and interpretation of biological statistics of fish populations. B. Fish. Res. Board Can. Vol. 191. Russo, A.R. 1998. A survey of selected coral and fish assemblages near the Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, 1998. Proj. Rep. PR-99-04, Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu. 26 pp. Sokal, R.R., and F.J. Rohlf. 1995. Biometry: The principles and practice of statistics in biological research. 3d edition. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman & Co. 887 pp.
FILE FORMATS: Directory data/0-data Contains the files/directories as provided by the contributor File: Waianae2010 Coral and Fish FINAL-01.pdf Format: Adobe Acrobat Document (archive format) Content: Report for year ending 2010 Description: Metadata describing the project, history, methods, and results. Tables contain data as follows: Table 1. Fish abundance at station Z, Waianae ocean outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for the years 2004 through 2010 Table 2. Coral-cover percentage within five selected quadrats at station Z, Waianae ocean outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, for the years 2003-2010 Table 3. Fish abundance at diffuser station W-3, 2004-2010 Table 4. Fish abundance at station WW, 2004-2010 File: WAIANAE.xlsx Format: MS Excel 2007 Content: Fish Census Description: Column Comment 1 The old Hawaii Coastal Zone Data Bank Number specific to each species 2 The species censused 3 The date of the census 4 Station-Transect 5 The lengths (mm) of each fish seen 6 The number of individuals seen 7 The total estimated weight (grams) of all individuals of that species seen having a given length. Weight data are derived from estimated lengths made in the field using regression techniques. File: fish counts.jmp Format: JMP Data Table Content: macroinvertebrates Description: Survey data from 30 June 2010, parameters: Macroinvertebrate census, macroinvertebrate count, macroinvertebrate biomass Stations: W-3, WW-Alpha, WW-Beta, Z-makai transect 1, Z-mauka transect 2 File: fish data 09.jmp Format: JMP Data Table Content: macroinvertebrates Description: Survey data from 08 May 2009 parameters: Macroinvertebrate census, macroinvertebrate count, macroinvertebrate biomass Stations: W-3, WW-Alpha, WW-Beta, Z-makai, Z-mauka Directory data/1-data Contains the files/directories created by NODC File: WAIANAE.csv Format: MS Excel 2007, comma-separated version, ASCII text Content: Fish Census Description: as described above for ../0-data/WAIANAE.xlsx File: fish counts.txt Format: text export of ../0-data/fish counts.jmp Content: macroinvertebrates Description: Survey data from 30 June 2010, described above File: fish data 09.txt Format: text export of ../0-data/fish data 09.jmp Content: macroinvertebrates Description: Survey data from 08 May 2009, described above
none
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